The digestive tract is considered _________ the body; it is open at both ends but some things never enter the body systems
outside
motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, storage and elimination, & immune barrier are all functions of ________
the digestive system
the entrance to the digestive system: _________
mouth
passageway for food (and air); plays a role in swallowing: ___________
pharynx
muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach: ____________
esophagus
a "j-shaped" muscular sac, stores food, secretes gastric juices (HCl, pepsin) & begins protein digestion. (particularly aspirin and alcohol)
stomach
a long muscular tube that mixes food with bile and intestinal & pancreatic enzymes. MOST nutrients are digested and absorbed HERE!
small intestine
opening at the end of the system to expel feces
anus
muscular tube that absorbs water and some nutrients, it stores waste materials (feces)
colon
a blind? [sic] pouch at the junction of small and large intestines
cecum
region of large inestine that is the passageway of feces. The stretching of walls stimulates the defecation reflex
rectum
regulates defecation
anal canal
the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas are ________ structures to the digestive system
accessory
large organ the the abdominal cavity. secretes bile & emulsifies fats. Role in processing and storing certain nutrients
liver
gland located behind the stomach. secretes enzymes to digest all major nutrients, buffers that neutralize HCl, & release secretions into the small intestine
pancreas
three pairs of glands that secrete saliva. secretes enzyme amylase, which begins starch digestion.
salivary glands
a small sac, stores bile, & releases bil into small intestine
gallbladder
from the inside (lumen) out, order the layers of the digestive tract: submucosa, muscularis, serosa, mucosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
the parasympathetic NS stimulates most of the digestive system through the ________ nerve. (lower large intestine stimulated by the spinal cord)
vagus
preganglionic neurons synapse in what layer of the digestive system?
submucosa
the ________ Nervous System inhibits peristalsis and secretion, & contracts sphincters
sympathetic
intrinsic sensory neurons in the gut wall act via the __________________ nervous system
enteric
salivary ________ begins starch digestion
amylase
_____ is the term for a soft mass of food, suitable for swallowing
bolus
The tongue functions to _________ food for chewing and swallowing
position
During swallowing the _________ covers the trachea, or windpipe, to prevent choking. "the swallowing reflex"
epiglottis
Mechanical digestion begins in the _____, while chemical digestion begins in the _____.
mouth; mouth
deglutition is also known as _____________ (it includes 25 pairs of muscles)
swallowing
the __________ controls swallowing
brain stem
bolus is moved down the esophagus to the stomach by movement called _______________
peristalsis
the _________ turns bolus into more managable chyme
stomach
the fundus, body, and pyloris are all regions of the ____________. This structure ends in the pyloric sphincter
stomach
the stomach is lined with folds called __________
rugae
without "intrinsic factor" secretion, the body would not be able to absorb __________
vitamin B 12
parietal cells within gastric pits in the stomach secrete ________ (regulated by PSNS), while chief cells secrete _________
HCl (pH 2.0); pepsinogen
Alcohol and aspirin are the only common substances to be absorbed in the stomach, due to _________________
high lipid solubility
treatment for ________ includes K/H pump inhibitors & antibiotics (due to Helicobacter pylori bacteria)
peptic ulcers
inflammation of the submucosa, caused by the acid eating at it is called __________
gastritis
The primary function of the stomach is to __________.
store and digest food
The substance present in stomach secretions that does the most damage in heartburn is _________
HCl
Which of the following functions in immunity in the digestive system? peristalsis, tounge, HCl, submucosa?
HCl
the duodenum, jejunum, and Ileum (DJI) make up the ___________ structure, where there are plenty of villi and microvilli
small intestine
the velvety appearance of villus and microvilli in the small intestine is called the __________
brush border
__________ cells in intestinal cyrpts secrete antibacterial molecules
paneth
the digestion of carbohydrates is finished in the ____________
small intestine
intestinal motility consists of ___________, rather than peristalsis
segmentation
interstitial cells of Cajal produce ____________: smooth muscule contractions controled automatically
slow waves
several hundred species of bacteria live in the ______________
large intestine
added vitamin K and B, fatty acids, absorbed electrolytes, & putting harmful bacteria out of business are benefits of _______ in the large intestine
microbes /bacteria
What is the primary role of the bacteria found in the large intestine?
digest food and produce vitamins
What is the primary role of the large intestine in digestion?
Absorb ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis
Which of the following gives the correct order of the organs that food passes through in the digestive system? --1--esophagus, epiglottis, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, anus --2-- mouth, epiglottis, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, anus --3-- mouth, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, anus --4-- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
--4--
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? Aid in digestion by producing bile, Convert by-products of protein digestion to urea, Digest food as it passes through the liver on the way to the large intestine, Monitor glucose levels in the blood?
Liver does NOT digest food
Blood flows from the small intestine to the liver through the ____, then from the liver to the inferior vena cava through the _____.
hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein
Without bile, one would be unable to digest ____ completely
Fat (i.e. french fries) Bile emulsifies fat!
Gallstones often block the pancreatic duct, preventing the release of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum. This would cause problems with the digestion of ________.
carbs, fats, & proteins (All 3)
People with ___________ have trouble secreting bicarbonate, which can lead to destruction of the pancreas
cystic fibrosis (CF)
True or false? Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the lacteals, whereas lipid-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the blood capillaries
False, it is the other way around
The primary function of the small intestine is to __________.
digest and absorb nutrients
What are the fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine called?
villi
Chemical digestion of proteins is confined to which combination of organs in the digestive system?
stomach and small intestine
digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, with _________ breaking it down
pepsin
a lacteal is a type of ____________ found in villi