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Longest reigning British monarch, last great monarch before political parties took over
Queen Victoria
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Son of converted jew, Radical Tory, 2nd reform bill, PRIME Minister of England
Benjamin Disraeli
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Liberal Reformer, introduced the secret ballot
William Gladstone
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The Great Antagonists
Disraeli andGladstone
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Would have placed Protestants under catholic rule in Ireland, WWI Postponed this
Irish Question
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Republican president of France
Jules Grevy
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Accused of selling war plans to Germany, court martialed
Captain Dreyfus
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Brilliant but unstable, Fired Bismarck, Led industrial military monarchy
Kaiser William II
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MAde anti-Semitism socially acceptable in Germany
Farmer's League
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Led to a palace coup, personally interrogated the surviving leaders,"Thought crimes"
Nicholas I
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Freed serfs, with limitations
Emancipation Edict
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Group that hunted down and killed Tsar
Narodnaya Volya
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Vladimor Ilytich Ulyanov, created a new king of organization the 20th century one party state
V.I. Lenin
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Russian state was the patron of Slavs everywhere
Pan Slavism
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"Men of the majority", professional revolutionaries, Split the Russian Social Democratic party, ESSAY QUESTION
Bolsheviki
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Struck bargain with Hungary to prepare for war of revenge against Prussia
Emerpr Francis Joseph Austria
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Italian Prime minister, Greatest of Cavour's successors, attempted gradual reforms, opposed by Socialist Benito Mussolini
Giovanni Giolitti
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Propogated Darwinism in Germany, abolished any distinction between humanity and nature, Called the cult "monism"
Ernst Haeckel
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Humanity must live in harmony with "the laws of nature", Chief of the laws was natrual selection
Monism
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Last great German philospher of the 19th century, Power is the central human lust, nationalist, anti-Semitist
Friedrich Nietzsche
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attempt to understand human mind, Sex is the central of human lust
Sigmund Freud
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A crash rearmament program launched by the British to keep up with the Germans
Naval Defense Act
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Treaty made by Bismarck, Germany-Austria-Italy triangle
Triple Alliance
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Prophesied an American empire, Build battle fleets and seize overseas bases and colonies
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Barbed-wire-open-air prisons for the Boers to keep them from supplying the guerillas
Concentration Camps
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Yellow Journalism, Explosion of Maine in Havan Harbor, War between Span and America, Strated with the Phillipines, ended with US receiving Guam, Phillipines, and Puerto Rico
Spanish American War
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Leader of the dashing "Rough Riders, built Panama Canal
Theodore Roosevelt
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Crushed the Spanish fleet in the Phillippines
Commodore George Dewey
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McKinley's Secretary of State, urged the powere to preserve an "Open Door" to trade and to respect China's territorial integrity
John Hay
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Founder of Japan's modern army, demanded war to stop Russia from seizing Korea
Yamagate Aritomo
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Peace between Russia and Japan, negotiated by T. Roosevelt
Treaty of Portsmouth
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Wily Reich naval official, convinced the Reichstag of need for battle fleet
Admiral Alfred Tirpitz
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Civilian chief of the navy after 1911, called the Med fleet home to the North Sea to face William II's Germany, Promised to protect French coast
Sir Winston Churchill
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German chief of the Great Staff, Developed plan for a two front war, planned to strike France first
Count Alfred von Schlieffen
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Nephew of the great Moltke, urged war, "sooner the better"
Helmuth von Moltke
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"The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them again in our lifetime"
Sir Edward grey
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Joined France at the Belgian-French border,
120,000 professional forces made the price of German victories very high
“Friction”, remarkably accurate in marksmanship
BEF British Expeditionary Force
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Taxied French men to war, over 2 million men fought at the battle of the Marne, over 500000 people killed or wounded, French casualties lost 250,000, 80,000 dead, British only 1100 dead, German 250,000 casualties
Battle of the Marne
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5 months into the war there were a million dead or wounded, French 900,000 dead or wounded, Moltke’s replacement, “Race to the sea” = a “massacre of the innocents”
Erich von Falkenhayn
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Previously retired German General, Crushed the Russian armies on the Eastern Front
Paul von Hindenburg
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Allied Leadership
- Britain- Lloyd George,
- France - Clemenceau,
- Italy - Orlando,
- US - Wilson
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Germans attacked at the hinge of the French line with heavy artillery fire,French dead: 377,000, German Dead: 337,000 Brought Russia to France’s rescue
Verdun
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Re-election slogan of 1916 - “He kept us out of the war”, Despite U-boat attacks on merchant liners, Wilson did not want to enter the war
President Woodrow Wilson
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German Reich Secretary, Telegraphed Mexico plan to give them American Southwest for Mexican aid, British intercepted deciphered, and delivered Zimmermann’s note to Wilson
Arthur Zimmermann
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The United States joins WWI, Wilson addresses congress: “The world must be safe for democracy”
April 2nd 1917
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Seized Power - Bolshevik Revolution, Institutionalized Terror Killed Tsar Nicholas II and his family, Secured an armistice with Germany, Implemented Socialism
Lenin returns to Russia, 1917
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British promise of “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people”
Balfour Declaration November 1917
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Wilson’s famous statement of American war aims, Designed to stop the spread of Communism in Eastern Europe
14 points
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Commander of US Army in France, brought 1.5 million men with him, by summer of 1918, German troops are terrified, deserting…in March of 1918, 3.8 million German men, 4 months later, suffered a million more casualties
John "Black Jack" Pershing
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November 11th, 1918, WWI coast at least 20,000,000 lives, military dead, germany 2 million dead, 1.7 million dead Russians, 1.1 austrians, 750000 dead brits, 250000 brit empires, turkey 400000, US 114,000
Armistice Day
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Quite lenient on Germany, didn’t really solve anything, slapped their hand basically, only 13.5% land loss, Prohibit union of Germany and Austria, Reparation payments $32 billion, Germany denied war guilt, Germany remained in tact
Treaty of Versailles
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Stock Market Crash - Black Tuesday, October 29th, 1929, World-wide effects, War reparations ceased, Gold standard abandoned, Drastic cuts in industrial production and world trade
Great Depression
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Launched a campaign of assassination and urban guerilla war, The IRA assassinated British officials, Hostilities continue to the present day
Irish Republican Party
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In 1897, he founded a Zionist Organization to promote his ideal of a Jewish state, After 1933, the Jewish population of Palestine doubled 3 year s
Theodor Herzl
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Britain had promised a “responsible government, Britain betrayed that pledge, Nonviolent Civil Disobedience led by Ghandi, Britain promised India independence in 1935
India
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“The Bringer of Enlightenment” in Vietnam, Agent of the Communist International for Southeast Asia, Founded the
Communist party of Indochina
Ho Chi Minh
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Leading proponent of a Western-style Chinese nationalism, Helped found a political party Guomindang, Strove to give China a constitutional government
Sun Yat-sen
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Createdan army in southern China with Soviet rifles and advisers, Inherited the Guomindang after Sun’s death in 1925
Chain Kai Shek
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Chinese Communist Party (founded in 1920-1921) with Soviets, Created an army of peasants and bandits, Propagated a peasant revolt of the cities
Mao Zedong
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In 1934-1935 Mao’s forces marched 6000 miles after Chiang Kai-shek seized Beijing
Long March
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Sought to make China a Japanese colony, Ironic slogan: “Asia for the Asians”
Tojo Hideki
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Pledged New deal, social security
FDR
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Created 6 million government jobs, Paid the farmers not to plant crops,Protection from mortgage foreclosures, Gave right to organize unions, CreatedSocial Security, Lifted tade barriers, Pushed us in the right direction, however, did not bring recovery
New Deal
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Liquid fueld rocket in 1926, Russia and Germany found it intriguing
Robert Goddard
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Detection of submarines by sound ranging
Sonar
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Detection of aircraft and surface ships by raido ranging
Radar
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Munich schoolmaster, Justified barbaric racism
Oswald Spengler
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Most prominent successor of Nietzche, moral values have no rational basis, urged german youth to serve radical nationalism
Martin Heidegger
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