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dapierre2012
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ORGANS-- primary structures that comprise the skeletal system are:
BONES
JOINTS
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BONES-- OSSEOUS TISSUE
*Formed from a gradual process beginning before bith called Ossification.
*Fetal skeleton is formed from CARTILAGE
*Flexible tissue is replace by OSTEOBLASTS
*ADULT BONES- the OSTEOBLASTS have mature into OSTEOCYTES
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Several different types of bones are found throughout the body and fall into 4 categories based on their shape:
*LONG BONES- EX. Femur and Humerus
*SHORT BONES- EX.Carpals and Tarsals
*IRRUGULAR BONES- Shapes are irrugular EX. VERTEBREA.
*FLAT BONES- Plate shapes EX. Pelvis, Sternum, and Scapulae
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HUMAN SKELETON
*Divided into axial (a straight line about which an object rotates)Skeleton (bone colored) and appendicular (pertaining to the limbs) Skeleton (blue Colored).
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The AXIAL SKELETON -includes the bones of the head, neck spine, chest and trunk of the body.
-BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON INCLUDE:
*CERVICAL VERTEBRAE- form the skeletal framework of the neck.
*PALATINE BONE-situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid
*ETHMOID BONE- forms most of teh bony area between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes
*SACRUM- five sacral vertebrae, which are fused into a single bone in the adult
*OCCIPITAL BONE- forms the back and base of the skull
*CRANIUM- connected to muscles to provide head movement, chewing motions, and facial expressions
*RIB CAGE- thorax including the heart and lungs, are enclosed and protected by bony rib cage
*FRONTAL BONE- forms the anterior portion of the skull (forehead)and the roof of the bony bone
*COCCYX- the tail of the vertebral column consists of four or five fragmented fused vertebrae
*PARIETAL BONE- is situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone
*FACIAL BONE-face
*STERNUM-A long flat bone in most vertebrates that is situated along the ventral midline of the thorax and articulates with the ribs
- *SPHENOID BONE- located at the middle part of the based of the skull, forms central wedge that joins with all ohter cranial bones, including holding them together
- *INTERVERTEBRAL DISC- which are composed of fibrocartilaginous susbstance with a gelatinous mass in the center(nucleus pulposus)
- *LUMBAR VERTEBRAE- situated in the lower back area and carry most of the weight of the torso
- *VOMER BONE- single thin bone that forms the lower parts of the nasal septum
- *ZYGOMATIC BONE- located on the side of the face below the eyes and form the higher portion of the cheeks below and the sides of the eyes
- *HYOID BONE-shaped like a horseshoe, and is suspended from the tips of the styloid
- processes of the temporal bones by the stylohyoid ligaments
- *LACRIMAL BONE- smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit
- *VERTEBRAL COLUMN- supports the body and provides protective bony canal for spinal cord
- *MAXILLA- paired upper jawbones are fused in the midline by a suture
- *TEMPORAL BONE- one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium
- *THORACIC VERTEBRAE- support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs
- *MANDIBLE-(lower jaw bone) are joined together by sutures and are immovable
- *NASAL BONE- lie side-by-side and are fused medially, forming the shape and the bridge of the nose
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THESE ARE THE BONES FOR OUR APPENDAGES OR LIMBS AND ALONG WITH THE MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THEM, THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BODY MOVEMENT.
-BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Bones of the UPPER EXTREMITY ARE: the Humerus, ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, and phalanges.
-Bones of the LOWER EXTREMITY ARE: the Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals and phalanges.
INCLUDE;
- UPPER EXTREMITY
- Humerus-
the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity- Ulna-
is a long bone, prismatic in form, placed at the medial side of the forearm, parallel with the radius- Radius-
is situated on the lateral side of the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size- Carpals-
wrist bones- Metacarpals-
(palm)- Phanlanges-
(fingers)- Scapula-
forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle- Clavicle-
forms the anterior portion of the shoulder girdle
- LOWER EXTREMITY
- Femur-the longest and strongest bone in the skeleton
- Patella- is a flat, triangular bone, situated on the front of the knee-joint
- Tibia-is situated at the medial side of the leg, and, excepting the femur, is the longest bone of the skeleton
- Fibula-is placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below
- Tarsals-(ankle bones) resemble metacarpals (wrist bones) in Structure
- Metatarsals-consists of five bones which are numbered
- from the medial side---wedge-shaped, articulating proximally with the tarsal bones, and by its sides with the contiguous metatarsal bones
- phalanges-
(toes)
- MIDDLE EXTREMITYPelvic girdle-is a bony ring, interposed between the movable vertebræ of the vertebral column
- Pubis -extends medialward and downward from the acetabulum and articulates in the middle line with the bone of the opposite side
- Innominate (hip) bone- is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below
- Ilium-is the superior broad and expanded portion which extends upward from the acetabulum
- Ischium-is the lowest and strongest portion of the bone; it proceeds downward from the acetabulum
- Pectoral girdle-
- lower Extremities-of the ulna is small, and presents two eminences; the lateral and larger is a rounded, articular eminence, termed the head of the ulna
- Os coxae-
- Upper extremities-presents two curved processes, the olecranon and the coronoid process
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JOINTS - FORMED WHEN 2 OR MORE BONES MEET, ALSO KNOWN AS AN ARTICULATION
3 TYPES OF JOINTS BASED ON MOVEMENT ALLOWED BETWEEN THE BONES:
- SYNOVIAL JOINTS- FREELY MOVING EX. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS FOUND AT THE HIP AND SHOULDER.
- CARTILAGIOUS JOINTS
- SLIGHT MOVEMENT BUT HOLD BONES FIRMLY IN PLACE BY A PIECE OF SOLID CARTILAGE EX. PUBIC SYMPHYSIS- FIBROUS JOINTS
- ALLOW ALMOST NO MOVEMENT EX. SUTURES OF THE SKULL (FUSE INTO SOLOD BONE)
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BONES -
- PROVIDE A SKELETAL FRAMEWORK TO PROTEST THE BODY
- STORE CALCIUM AND OTHER MINERALS
- PRODUCE BLOOD CELLS WITHIN BONE MARROW
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