BusinessCh14.txt

good quality at a fair price; when consumers calculate the value of a product, they look at the benefits and then subtract he cost to see if the benefits exceed the costs (p. 374)

everything that consumers evaluate when deciding whether to buy something; also called a value package (p. 375)

a group of products that are physically similar or are intended for a similar market (p. 377)

the combination of product lines offered by a manufacturer (p. 377)

the creation of real or perceived product differences (p. 378)

products that the consumer wants to purchase frequently and with a minimum of effort (p. 378)

those products that the consumer buys only after comparing value, quality, price, and styl from a variety of seller (p. 378)

consumer products with unique characteristics and brand identity; because these products are perceived as having no reasonable substitute, the consumer puts forth a special effort to purchase them (p. 379)

products that consumers are unaware of, haven't necessarily thought of buying, or find that they need to solve an unexpected problem (p. 379)

products used in the production of other products; sometimes called business goods or B2B goods (p. 380)

grouping two or more products together and pricing them as a unit (p. 382)

a name, symbol, or design (or combination thereof) that identifies the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and distinguishes them from the goods and services of competitors (p. 382)

a brand that has exclusive legal protection for both its brand name and its design (p. 382)

the brand names of manufacturers that distribute products nationally (p. 383)

products that don't carry the manufacturer's name but carry a distributor or retailer's name instead (p. 383)

nonbranded products that usually sell a sizable discount compared to national or private-label brands (p. 383)

illegal copies of national brand-nam goods (p. 383)

the value of the brand name and associated symbols (p. 384)

the degree to which customers are satisfied, like the brand, and are committed to further purchases (p. 384)

how quickly or easily a given brand name comes to mind when a product category is mentioned (p. 384)

the linking of a brand to other favorable images (p. 385)

a manager who has direct responsibility for one brand or one product line; called a product manager in some firms (p. 385)

a process designed to reduce the number of new-product ideas being worked on at any one time(p. 386)

making cost estimates and sales forecasts to get a feeling for profitability of new-product ideas (p. 387)

taking a product idea to consumers to test their reactions (p. 387)

promoting a product to distributors and retailers to get wide distribution, and developing strong advertising and sales campaigns to generate and maintain interest in the product among distributors and consumers (p. 387)

a theoretical model of what happens to sales and profits for a product class over time; the four stages of the cycle are introduction, growth, maturity, and decline (p. 388)

designing a product so that it satisfies customers and meets the profit margins desired by the firm (p. 391)

a pricing strategy based on what all other competitors are doing; the price can be set at, above, or below competitors' prices (p. 392)

the strategy by which one or more dominant firms set the pricing practices that all competitors in an industry follow (p. 392)

the process used to determine profitability at various levels of sales (p. 393)

all the expenses that remain the same no matter how many products are made or sold (p. 393)

costs that change according to the level of production (p. 393)

strategy in which a new product is priced high to make optimum profit while there's little competition (p. 393)

strategy in which a product is priced low to attract many customers and discourage competition (p. 393)

setting prices lower than competitors and then not having any special sales (p. 393)

setting prices that are higher than EDLP stores, but having many special sales where the prices are lower than competitors' (p. 393)

pricing goods and services at price points that make the product appear less expensive than it is (p. 394)