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irishdancer123
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Diachronic
Cultural and social changes over time
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Prehistoric
Concerned with socieites without the use of writing and textual evidence
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Protohistoric
Textual evidence available to complement material record (not always in agreement)
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Historic
Multiple texts exist to document societies and events
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Ethnoarchaeology
Study of living cultures for archaeological reasons
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Experimental archaeology
Replication of tools, buildings, or activities to inform interpretations of material record
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Archaeological Record
Material remains of human past and their physical contexts located in sites
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Culture
All aspects of human adaptation and beliefs. Transmitted through learning.
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Clifford Geertz Theory
Human evolution and culture are interwined. Human nature is dependent on culture.
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Pleistocene Epoch
- Ice Age
- 2.6 mya to 10,000 BP
- Continental plates: largely in place
- Repeated glacial cycles
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Paleolithic Period
- Old Stone Age
- 99% of human history
- Variety of tools- stone, bone, and wood
- Increading sophistication over time
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Middle Pleistocene Hominins
- most are H. heidelbergensis
- Transition period into modern humans and Neanderthals
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Kabwe (Broken Hill) Site
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Zambia
- Period: Middle Pleistocene
- Found: Complete cranium, elements of several individuals with older (erectus) and modern traits
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Bodo site
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Ethopia
- Period: Middle Pleistocene
- Found: Nearly complete cranium, pattern of cut marks (defleshing by other hominins- reason unknown). Earliest case of bone processing of hominins by other hominins
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Steinheim site
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Germany
- Period: Middle Pleistocene
- Found: craium with retention of certain H. erectus traits mixed with new traits (increased cranial capacity, reduced tooth size)
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Atapuerca Cave
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Spain
- Period: Middle Pleistocene
- Found: "Pit of bones"- 28 individuals + 4000 fossil fragments. Early Neandertal-like features
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Dali site
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: China
- Period: Middle Pleistocene
- Found: cranium displays with erectus and sapiens traits
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paleospecies
a group of similar fossils whose range of morphological variation does not exceed the range of variation of a closely related living species
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Mousterian tool tradition
Usually associated with Neanderthals
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Vindija Cave
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Croatia
- Period: Middle Pleistocene
- Found: Neanderthal bones
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How much Neanderthal DNA is in moder Eurasians? How is this possible?
between 1 and 4 percent
explained by admixture between early modern humans and Neanderthals
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Denisova Cave
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Altai Mountain- Siberia, Russia
- Period: Late Pleistocene
- Found: Denisovan bone fragments
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What did we get from Neanderthals and Denisovans?
- Disease-fighting genes
- ex. Human leukocyte antigens
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Multiregional/Gene Flow hypothesis
Modern humans have ancestors in archaic human populations (like Neanderthals) from Africa, Europe, and Asia
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Out of Africa Hypothesis
All modern humans origingated from a small population in Africa
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"Upper Paleolithic Revolution"
- Late Stone Age
- 40,000-10,000 BP
- More clothing, personal ornaments, specialized hunting
- Burials include ornaments, tools, red ocher
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Sunghir site
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Russia
- Period: Upper Paleolithic
- Found: adults and adolescents with grave goods (beaded clothing, red ocher, ivory beads, long spears
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Gravettian Culture
- Big-game hunting
- Small pointed blades (stone)
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Burin
Tool used in crafting and carving
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Venus
Female figurines. Purpose unknown
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Altamira Cave
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Spain
- Period: Upper Paleolithic
- Found: Polychrome paintings, paleolithic artifacts on floor
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Lascaux Caves
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: France
- Period: Upper Paleolithic
- Found: 2000 figures (animals, human figures, abstract signs)
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Chauvet Cave
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: France
- Period: Upper Paleolithic
- Found: Hundreds of animal paintings, prey and predators
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Katanda site
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Period: Middle Paleolithic
- Found: Bone tools
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Blombos Cave
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: South Africa
- Period: Middle Paleolithic
- Found: Bone tools, shell beads, engraved red ocher fragments
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Sidubu Cave
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: South Africa
- Period: Middle Paleolithic
- Found: Small bone points (transition from larger spear points to bow and arrow?)
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Significant areas of Late Pleistocene Southeast Asia and Australia?
Sunda and Sahul
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Wallace Line
Ecozone boundary between Sunda and Sahul (Asia and Australia)
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Southern Migration Route
possible routh of population for Asia/the Pacific
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Oldest Australian sites lie near_____?
Lake Mungo
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Liang Bua cave site
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Flores, eastern Indonesia
- Period: Late Pleistocene (?)
- Found: remains of 9 very small individuals (Homo floresiensis?)
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Rapa Nui
Where?
What period?
What was found?
- Where: Easter Island
- When: Late Pleistocene (?)
- Found: moai (monumental statues)
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Peopling of the Americas: Clovis First model
- People entered by Bering Land Bridge (Beringia linked Siberia to Alaska)
- Yana RHS site, Siberia
- Clovis point used for Megafauna
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Clovis sites
- Monte Verde
- Meadowcroft Rockshelter
- Cactus Hill
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Peopling of the Americas: Atlantic Maritime model
- Marine adapted people from Europe canoed along the Atlantic ice-edge corridor
- Solutrean similarities to Colvis technology
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Peopling of the Americas: Pacific Maritime model
Maritime adapted people canoed along the coast from Siberia to the Americas
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Ache
Modern hunter-gatherers in Paraguay
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Hadzabe
Modern hunter-gatherer of Tanzania
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Inuit
Modern hunter-gatherers of northern Canada
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Holocene Hunter Gatherers
Americas: ______ and _____
Europe: ________
W. Asia: ________
- Americas: Paleo-Indian and Archaic
- Europe: Mesolithic
- W. Asia: Epipleolithic
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See notes from the movie
Do it
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Nubia
Region along the nile rivier (Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt)
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"Neolithic Revolution"
Characterized by decreased reliance on wild species and increased reliance on domesticates
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Extensive lifeway
utilizing resources across a more extensive piece of land (temporary homes)
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Intensive living
localized investment. Sedentary.
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Oasis hypothesis for domestication
clustering of people, animals, and plants near one water source. domestication occurs over time. hypothesis does not have archaeological support
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Population Pressure hypothesis for domestication
Farming is a last resort. Started b/c of population needs
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Cultural reasons for agriculture
- Ritual Feasting
- Luxury items
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Fertile Crescent
- Between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
- Center of domestication
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Ecosystem Engineering
Modification of environments in order to bring organisms under human control
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Natufian Culture
- Levant area (NE Africa)
- Specialized hunter-gatherer settlements
- Semi-sedentary
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Abu Hureyra
Where?
Group?
Found?
- Where: Syria
- Group: Natufians
- Found: plant gathering, gazelle hunting, pit dwellings, domestic cattle, sheep, goat, and pigs
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Catal Hoyuk
Where?
Group?
Found?
- Where: first city of central Turkey?
- Group: Natufians
- Found: Ritual and trade center (Obsidian volcanic glass trade) elaborate grave goods
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See pg 19 for New World Agriculture
Do it.
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indicators of urbanism/states
- 1. Highly populous
- 2. Politically centralized
- 3. Socially stratified/differentiated
- 4. Monumental architecture
- 5. Urbanism
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Jericho
- 11000 BP
- Roots of urbanism
- walls built
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Uurk
- Southern Iraq
- Sumerian civilization
- Considered to be the earilest true city
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Hierakonpolis
- Egyptian civilization
- Narmet Plette found- showed how power was consolidated
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Harappa
- Pakistan
- Indus Valley region
- Elaborate Middle Class society (no monuments)
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Shang
- First documented state of China
- Captial- Anyang
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Angkor Kingdom
- holy city
- center of Khmer culture
- Largest preindustrial city
- Stratified society
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Great Zimbabwe
- Powerful, pre-colonial state
- Wealth from long-distance trade
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Co Loa site
- Old World
- Early Vietnamese capital?
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Warfare
Organized violence between politically autonomous groups or societies
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Tollense Valley
Where?
Found?
- Where: Germany
- Found: Weapons, skeletal remains w/ skulls showing blunt force trauma
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