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Normal bicarbonate (HCO3) levels are?
21-28 mEq/L
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What is the function of bicarbonate (HCO3) ?
To maintain normal pH levels in blood and body fluids.
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What are some causes of abnormal bicarbonate (HCO3) levels?
Impaired respiratory, kidney, or metabolic function.
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What are normal pH levels?
7.35-7.45
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What is a role of chloride in the body?
To maintain serum osmolarity and body water balance.
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What are normal serum chloride levels?
Adult: 97-107 mEq/L
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Hypercholridemia results from?
excessive loss of bicarbonate fluids and electrolytes from the lower intestine, renal tubular acidosis, and mineralcorticoid deficiency. (During metabolic acidosis).
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What are normal serum potassium levels?
3.5-5.1 mEq/L
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What are causes of hyperkalemia?
Most commonly occurs with renal disease.
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What are causes of hypokalemia?
Diuretic therapy and fluid losses from GI, skin or kidneys.
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How does a nurse respond to critical potassium levels?
Notify physician. The patient is in a life-threatening situation, with danger of dysrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and death.
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What does the nurse assess when a patient has critial potassium levels?
Hyper: muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, ascending paralysis, respiratory arrest, slow irregular heart beat.
Hypo: weakness, cramps, tetany, anorexia, nausea, tachy/bradycardia, premature atrial and ventricular contractions.
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What are normal serum sodium levels?
136-145 mEq/L
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Sodium retention or excessive loss of water can cause ____?
Hypernatremia
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Excessive water retention or excessive sodium loss can cause ____?
Hyponatremia
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What happens to patient with critical Sodium levels?
Significant brain and nervous system dysfunction. Confusion and lethargy.
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What are normal Serum calcium levels?
Adult: 8.6- 10.0 mg/dL
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Hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are common causes of a life threatening complication, ____?
Hypercalcemia
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Decreased levels of calcium or _____ cause neuromuscular hyperactivity.
Hypocalcemia
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Laryngeal stridor, tetany, convulsions, hypotension, and decreased myocardial contractility are manifestations of ____ a decrease in serum calcium.
Hypocalcemia
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Polyuria, anorexia, nausea, and coma are manifestations that may occur with increased calcium is ____?
Hypercalcemia
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What are normal serum magnesium levels?
1.5-2.3 mg/dL
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Inadequate food intake can lead to ____?
Hypomagnesemia
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What is a common cause of hypermagnesemia?
Advanced renal failure
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What are normal serum phosphate levels?
Adult: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
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