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kang
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When did the Jews rebel against the Hellenic Seleucid Empire?
170-167 BC
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Who is the father of the five Macabee brothers?
Mattathias
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Who founded the Hasmonean dynasty?
Mattathias
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When did Hasmonean dynasty become independent from the Seleucid Empire?
110 BC
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When was the (Second) Temple rededicated by Judas Maccabeus?
164 BC
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What does Hanukkah commemorate?
the rededication of the Temple by Judas Maccabeus in 164 BC
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Who led the Hasmonean dynasty after the Maccabees died?
John Hyrcanus, reigning from 134-104 BC
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Who was the last Maccabee brother?
Simon Maccabeus
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What was the status of John Hyrcanus? What was his title?
ethnarch and High Priest
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What is an ethnarch?
a political leader over an ethnic group
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What happened in John Hyrcanus' early years of reign with regard to the dynasty's foreign relations?
His reign began with a year-long siege of Jerusalem by Antiochus VII Sidetes.
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What did John Hyrcanus do to pacify the Seleucids under Antiochus VII Sidetes?
He paid a large tribute and fought as auxiliaries for the Seleucids in Parthia.
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When did John Hyrcanus die?
104 BC
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Who assumed John Hyrcanus' role as priest and ethnarch?
- His son, Aristobulus I, succeeded his father as priest.
- His wife now led the government.
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What was the notorious act committed by Aristobulus I?
He murdered his mother and declared himself king.
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What makes Aristobulus I different from all his predecessors in the Hasmonean dynasty?
He was the first Hasmonean ruler to name himself king; the previous rulers were content with the title nasi or "president."
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When did Aristobulus I reign?
104-103 BC
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Who succeeded Aristobulus I?
Alexander Jannaeus, reigning from 103-76 BC, as king and high priest.
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Who is Alexander Jannaeus, in relation to John Hyrcanus?
Alexander Jannaeus is a son of John Hyrcanus.
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What is the problem with both the kingship and priesthood of the Hasmonean dynasty?
The kings don't descend from David, and the priests don't descend from Levi.
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To what tribe do the Maccabees belong?
Levi
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Which school of Judaism supported Alexander Jannaeus?
Sadducees
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Which school of Judaism opposed Alexander Jannaeus?
Pharisees
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Why was the Hasmonean dynasty weakened?
Jannaeus provoked a civil war and committed brutal atrocities against conquered rebels, which caused internal conflicts.
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Who succeeded Alexander Jannaeus?
Salome Alexander, a queen, reigning from 76-67 BC
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Which school of Judaism did Salome Alexander support?
Pharisees
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What did Salome Alexander do in support of the Pharisees/
She reestablished the Sanhedrin.
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What was the Sanhedrin?
The Sanhedrin was an assembly of 71 judges, which by the first century BC legislated all aspects of Jewish political and religious life.
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What would the Sanhedrin be an equivalent of in the modern judicial system?
The Sanhedrin could be considered a Supreme Court of Jewish religion.
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When was the destruction of the Sanhedrin?
in the war against Rome in 66-70 AD
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Who succeeded Salome Alexander?
Her son, Aristobulus II, ruling as High Priest and King of Judea from 67-63 BC
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How did Aristobulus II meet his end?
Following a civil war with his brother, Aristobulus II was murdered under Pompey.
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What marks the end of the Hasmonean Dynasty?
The death of Aristobulus II (r. 67-63 BC) under Pompey of Rome.
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When did Pompey capture Jerusalem, thereby making Judea a subject of Rome?
63 BC
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What was the status of the Kingdom of Judea under Rome?
a Roman client state
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Who was the high priest and ethnarch of Judea following its capture by the Romans?
Hyrcanus II (r. 63-40 BC)
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Who appointed Herod the Great the governor of Galilee?
Marc Antony, a Roman general (b. 83 - d. 30 BC)
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When was Herod the Great appointed the governor of Galilee by Marc Antony?
47 BC
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What begins the Herodian dynasty?
the appointing of Herod the Great as the governor of Galilee in 47 BC by Marc Antony
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What was the ethnicity of Herod? What did he pretend to be?
- Herod was not Jewish, although he attempted to portray himself as Jewish.
- He was an Idumean (that is, he was from Edom).
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What did the Roman Senate elect Herod to be?
King of the Jews
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When did Herod conquer all of Judea?
37 BC
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Who was one of Herod's wives?
Miriamne of the Hasmonean family--a great-great-granddaughter of Simon Maccabeus.
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What did Herod do to the Hasmoneans?
He murdered all Hasmonean heirs, including his own sons by Miriamne.
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How did Herod stay in Roman favor?
by continually paying tribute and by bestowing lavish gifts upon prominent Romans
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Why is Herod called "great"?
because of his building projects
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What was the most audacious building project undertaken by Herod?
He built the New Temple, which rivaled Solomon's.
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When was the building of the Temple by Herod began,a dn when was it finished?
Began in 20 BC, finished 63 AD
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What else did Herod build besides the Temple?
magnificent fortresses and palaces
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What does tetrarchy mean?
rule of four
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What did the kingdom of Judea become after the death of Herod?
Kingdom of Judea became a Roman province in charge of a tetrarchy, divided four ways among Herod's sons.
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When did Herod the Great die?
4 BC
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Who were Herod's four sons succeeding him?
- Herod Antipas (Galilee and Perea)
- Herod Philip (northern part of Herod's kingdom)
- Herod Archelaus (Judea, the largest part of Herod's kingdom)
- Lysanias (???)
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Who came to rule all the territories of Herod the Great?
Herod Agrippa I, a Roman client, from 34-44 AD
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When did Herod Agrippa II begin to rule Palestine?
48 AD
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Whose death, and when, marks the end of the Herodian dynasty?
Herod Agrippa II, in 92 AD
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Who defeated Pompey and Marc Antony in a great civil war?
Caesar Augustus Octavian
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Who is the first emperor of Rome?
Caesar Augustus Octavian
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When did Augustus rule as Roman emperor?
27 BC-14 AD
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What was the scope of the Roman empire under Augustus?
Spain in the west to Arabia in the east, including northern coast of Africa
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How long did Pax Romana last?
about 200 years (27 BC - 180 AD)
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What were the results of Pax Romana?
- The Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than 2 centuries
- One could safely travel from Spain to Palestine, travel from Britain to Africa, and sail the Mediterranean without fear of piracy.
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When did Nero reign?
54-68 AD
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When did Nero blame Christians for the great fire in Rome?
64 AD
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When was the Jewish revolt against the Romans/
66-70 AD
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When did Vespasian reign?
69-79 AD
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Under which Roman emperor did Jerusalem fall?
Vespasian
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