-
What are arthropods?
insects and arachnids
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What are the different insects?
- flies
- mosquitoes
- gnats
- fleas
- lice
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What are the different arachnids?
-
What are the body parts of an insect?
head, thorax, abdomen
-
What are the body parts of an arachnid?
-
How many legs do insects have?
6
-
How many legs do adult arachnids have?
8
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What are the life stages of an insect?
-
What are the life stages of an arachnid?
-
What problems do ectoparasites cause?
- trasmit infectious agents
- cause local infections
- annoy animals
- damage hide of fleece
- initiate allergic reactions
- produce paralytic toxins
- anemia
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How big are mites?
microscopic
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Where do mites live?
on skin surface, hair follicles, ear canals
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What do mites eat?
suck lymph
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What is lymph?
water component of blood
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What can mites cause?
alopecia/inflammation
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Do mites live their entire lives on the host?
yes
-
Who can get mites?
- dogs
- cats
- rabbits
- ferrets
- birds
- exotics
- humans
- large animals
-
What are the common types of mites?
- Sarcoptes
- Demodex
- Cheyletielal
- Otodectes
- Psoroptes
- Chorioptes
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Who can sarcoptic mange affect?
- dogs
- rabbits
- sheep
- goats
- cattle
- swine
- horses
- humans
-
Is scarcoptic mange itchy?
very pruritic
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What is another name for Sarcoptic mange?
scapbies
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How long is sarcoptes life cycle?
17 - 21 days
-
Which sarcoptic mange is most common in dogs?
Sarcoptes scabei
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Why is sarcoptes very itchy?
burrow deep in the skin to lay eggs which can be very itchy
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On what part of the body does sarcoptic mange start and where does it progress to?
usually begins on the head and progresses to the limbs and then to the entire body
-
How do we diagnosis sarcoptes?
- multiple skin scrapings (elbows, ears) - at leas 8 to 10
- scrape until it bleeds
- response to tx
-
How do we treat sarcoptes?
- high dose of ivermectin every 2 weeks PO
- Selamectin (repeat every 2 weeks)
- Lime sulfur dips every few days
-
What animal is Demodex canis common in?
dogs
-
Is Demodex canis normal flora in dogs?
- yes
- live in hair follicles
-
How do we diagnose Demodex canis?
deep skin scraping - pinch skin to squeeze out of follicles
-
Is demodectic mange pruritic?
no
-
What causes demodectic mange to be pruritc?
secondary infections
-
What is localized demodectic mange?
just in one spot - looks like a bald spot
-
What is generalized demodecctic mange?
all over the body - very bad!
-
Where on the body do we usually see localized demodicosis?
face and feet
-
How long does it take for localized demodicosis to heal?
within 8 weeks
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Is localized demodicosis pruritic?
no
-
Who is localized demodicosis common in?
puppies
-
What is another name for localized demodicosis?
red mange
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Is generalized demodicosis severe?
yes
-
What does generalized demodicosis usually indicate?
heritable immune deficiency
-
What can cause generalized demodicosis to be pruritic?
secondary bacterial and yeast infections
-
Are secondary bacterial and yeast infections common with generalized demodicosis?
yes
-
Can humans get demodex?
no
-
How do we treat demodex in dogs?
- Mitaban dips (Amitraz)
- alpha 2 agonist
- air dry, can't towel off
-
What precautions do we need to take when using Mitaban dips?
wear gloves
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What age in dogs can we start using Mitaban dips to treat demodex?
older than 4 months old
-
How should we use Mitaban dips with toy breeds?
half-strength
-
Should we use Mitaban dips in cats?
no
-
What is another name for Cheyletiella?
walking dandruff
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Is Cheyletiella contagious?
yes
-
Who can Cheyletiella infect?
-
Where on the body do we usually see Cheyletiella?
along the back and ears
-
How do we diagnose Cheyletiella?
- tape to scales and then tape on a microscope slide to see on low power
- occasionally will find in cat feces due to grooming
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Does Cheyletiella spend its entire life cycle on a host?
yes
-
What is the treatment for Cheyletiella?
- Prethrins (for host and environment)
- Ivermectin
- Selamectin (Revolution)
- Lime sulfur dip
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Is Notedres cati common?
no, it's rare
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What animal does Notoedres cati affect?
cats
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What is another name for Notedres cati?
cat scabies
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What parts of the body does Notedres cati affect?
-
Is Notoedres cati pruritic?
yes
-
Is Notoedres cati contagious?
yes
-
Other than cats, what animals can Notoedres cati affect?
-
How is Notoedres cati diagnosed?
-
How is Notoedres cati treated?
-
What causes Trombiculiasis?
chiggers
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How do animals get Trombiculiasis?
picked up in fields and woods (tall grass)
-
What can Trombiculiasis bites cause?
pruritus
-
What months do we normally see Trombiculiasis?
July - Sept
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How do we diagnose Trombiculiasis?
scraping
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What is another name for Otodectes cynotis?
ear mites
-
What animals do Otodectes cynotis affect?
-
Is Otodectes cynotis contagious?
yes
-
Is Otodectes cynotis itchy?
yes, bilateral pruritus (both ears)
-
What is exudate?
black goo (wast product of mites and oil glands)
-
Does Otodectes cynotis cause exudate?
yes
-
Does Otodectes cynotis cause thickening of the ears?
yes
-
How do we diagnose Otodectes cynotis?
- Otoscope (white mites and motile)
- Exudate smear
- Often see secondary infection
-
How long is the life cycle of Otodectes cynotis?
18 - 21 days from egg to adult
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How do we treat Otodectes cynotis?
- Topicals: pyrethroids, mineral oil, thiabendazole
- Macrolides: Acarexx (ivermectin), Revolution (selamectin), Ivomec (ivermectin not labeled, do not use in ears)
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What is Psoroptes?
scab mange in ruminants
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On what part of the body do we normally see Psoroptes?
- withers
- neck
- rump in cows
- base of mane and tail of horses
- ear mite of rabbits
-
Is Psoroptes reportable?
yes, when seen in cattle
-
Which species is Psoroptes common in?
rabbits
-
Do we see Psoroptes in dogs and cats?
no
-
What is Chorioptes?
foot & tail mites
-
How do horses get Chorioptes?
infest pasterns
-
How do cattle get Chorioptes?
infest heels, tail region
-
What are the clinical signs of Chorioptes in horses?
stamping and kicking
-
What are the clinical signs of Chorioptes in cattle?
- coagulated serous crusts
- may wrinkle, not very itchy
-
How do we treat Chorioptes?
macrolides
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What do ticks do?
suck blood
-
What is another term for tick infestation?
acariasis
-
What do ticks do?
carry disease
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What can ticks cause?
tick paralysis
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How many hosts do ticks require?
1, 2, or 3
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What diseases can ticks carry?
- rocky mountain spotted fever
- ehrlichia
- borrelia (lyme)
- babesia
- tutaremia
- large animal diseases (piroplasmosis, anaplasma, q-fever, borreliosis, anemia, potomac fever)
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What are hard body ticks?
Ixodidae
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What are soft body ticks?
Argasidae
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What is the life cycle of ticks?
-
How long do ticks life cycle last?
can last 3 years
-
Where do ticks live?
in fields and woods
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What are the different types of Ixodidae?
- Dermacentor
- Rhipicephalus
- Ixodes
- Amblyomma
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What is the 3-host tick?
larva and nymph form of dermacentor in rodents
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What animals do the adult Dermacentor live on?
-
What is another name for the Dermacentor variabilis?
American dog tick
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Where is the Dermacentor variabilis common?
Eastern US
-
What is Dermacentor variabilis a vector for?
-
What is another name for Rhipicephalus sanguineus?
Brown dog tick
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How many eggs do female brown dog ticks lay?
40,000
-
Where can we find brown dog ticks?
in cracks in ceilings
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What is another name for Ixodes?
- black-legged tick
- deer tick
-
What animals do deer ticks infect?
mammals and birds
-
What are deer ticks a common vector for?
lyme disease
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What is another name for Amblyomma americanum?
lone star tick
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Which tick is the most common in this area?
Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick)
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What is another name for Otobius megnini?
- spinose ear tick
- soft-bodied tick
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How long can Otobius megnini live in a hosts ear?
1 year
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What are the 2 types of lice?
sucking and chewing
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Lice can't live off the host for _____ days.
more than 3
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What is another name for lice infestation?
pediculosis
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What are lice eggs called?
nits
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How long is a lice's life cycle?
3 - 4 weeks
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How are lice spread?
direct contact
-
What are the usual conditions for an animal contracting lice?
- poor husbandry
- worse in winter (because animals will crowd together more in the winter which causes more direct contact)
-
What can sucking lice cause?
-
-
What is Haematopinus asini?
- sucking louse of horses
- feeds on blood
-
What is Bovicola bovis?
- chewing louse of cattle
- feeds on sloughed epidermis (dander)
-
What is Felicola subrostratus?
cat chewing louse
-
How do we treat lice?
- macrolides
- dips, dusts, pour-ons
- must all treat all members of a herd simultaneously
-
What is Ctenocephalides felis?
fleas
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How many species of fleas are there?
more than 1500
-
Can fleas cause pruritus?
yes
-
Do fleas suck blood? If so what problem does this cause?
-
How many days is a fleas life cycle?
about 16 days in optimum conditions
-
What are the optimum conditions for a flea?
- 65 - 80 degrees
- high humidity
- vibrations
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How many eggs do female fleas lay?
over 100
-
When do flea larvae hatch?
from 1 week to years (can stay dormant for years)
-
What do flea larvae feed on?
organic debris
-
How long do flea larvae feed?
1 week - 200 days
-
How long does it take for a flea to molt to a pupa?
10 days to 50 weeks
-
How long can adult fleas live?
1 year
-
How long do flea eggs survive in the environment?
years
-
What is the treatment for fleas?
- Spot on treatments: Imidacloprids (advantage), fipronil (frontline), selamectin (revolution), permethrin
- Environmental control
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How many species of mosquitoes are there?
over 2,000
-
What are mosquitoes?
blood suckers
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Where do mosquitoes lay eggs?
in still water
-
How long is the life cycle of a mosquito?
7 - 16 days
-
What mosquitoes are parasitic?
only female
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What is myiasis?
tissue infested by fly larvae
-
What are the two different types of myiasis?
-
What are facultative myiasis?
fly larvae free-living- "fly-strike"
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What are facultative myiasis associated with?
skin wounds
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Which flys are facultative myiasis?
- blow fly
- flesh fly
- housefly
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What is fly strike?
maggots
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What kinds of animals usually get maggots?
unattended pets in an outdoor environment
-
Where on the body do maggots usually infest?
perianal
-
What is the treatment for maggots?
numb, clip, flush, medicate
-
What is obligatory myiasis?
cochliomyia
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What is another name for cochliomyia?
screw worm fly
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Screw worm fly larvae must _____.
parasitize
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Where do screw worm fly lay eggs?
in fresh wounds
-
What do larvae do in the fresh wounds?
hatch, eat, then drop out
-
What are Cuterebra?
warbles
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Where do warbles live?
neck, chest, dorsum
-
What do warbles create?
breathing pore
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What are other names of Cuterebra?
-
What animals do warbles affect?
-
What is the life cycle of warbles?
- flys lay eggs on ground
- larvae hatch
- enter body orifice or laceration
- migrate to SQ and mature for one month in SQ cysts
-
What is the treatment for warbles?
- surgical removal
- careful warbles don't get squished bc may cause histamine release which can cause anaphylaxis
-
What is hypoderma lineatum?
heel flies
-
What are other names for Hypoderma lineatum?
cattle grubs, warbles
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What is the difference between Cuterebra and Hypoderma lineatum?
Cuterebra create a breathing pore and Hypoderma lineatum do not
-
How long does it take for Hypoderma lineatum take to migrate?
4 - 5 months
-
Where do Hypoderma lineatum migrate to?
withers
-
What do Hypoderma lineatum do after they migrate?
chew out, drop to ground, molt, grow, pupate, turn into flies
-
What do Hypoderma lineatum cause?
hide damage, stampeding
-
Why is the timing for treating Hypoderma lineatum important?
can cause paralysis or bloat if they are killed while migrating over the rumen
-
What are Oestrus ovis?
sheep and goat nasal bot flies
-
What are the clinical signs of Oestrus ovis?
- sneezing
- stamping feet
- shaking heads
- loss of condition due to decreased grazing
- neuroloigical
- huddling in circle with noses to ground
-
What are biting flies?
pests to animals
-
What problems can biting flies cause?
- painful bites
- annoy animals
- blood loss
- mechanical disease vectors
- biological disease vectors (intermediate hosts)
-
What are the two types of Tabanids?
-
What do deerflies look like?
- yellowish with dark body
- larger than houseflies
-
What do horseflies look like?
- vary in color and size
- larger than deerflies
-
When do Tabanids have blood meals?
3 - 4 days
-
What do tabanids prefer?
thick vegetation
-
What is the life cycle of tabanids?
- larvae over winter
- pupate in spring
-
What Tabanids only feed on blood?
only females
-
What is Simulium?
blackflies
-
Where do blackflies lay eggs?
in moving water
-
How often do blackflies have blood meals?
every 3 - 5 days
-
What do blackflies cause?
-
What are Culicoides?
- no-see-ums
- gnats
- biting midges
-
Where are Culicoides active?
twilight and night
-
Where are Culicoide larvae?
in water
-
What do Culicoides cause?
-
What is sweet itch?
hypersensitivity to bites of no-see-ums or blackflies
-
When do we usually see sweet itch?
in summer
-
Whats another name for sweet itch?
queensland itch
-
What do Culicoides carry?
Onchocerca microfilaria
-
Where do adult Onchocerciasis live?
in adults nuchal ligaments
-
What does Onchocerciasis cause?
alopecia and depigmentation on face, chest, withers, abdomen
-
What are horn flies?
haemotobia irritans
-
Which fly is the greatest economical loss?
horn flies
-
What are house flies?
Musca domestica
-
What do house flies look like?
yellow lateral abdomen
-
Where do house flies larvae develop?
in manure
-
What is Musca autumnalis?
face flies
-
What do face flies look like?
- Female: black sided abdomen
- Male: orange sided abdomen
-
Where are face fly larvae?
in fresh cow feces
-
What do face flies transmit?
eyeworms
-
What is Stomoxys calcitrans?
stable flies
-
What do stable flies look like?
look like face and house flies
-
Where do stable flies bite?
legs and abdomen
-
What is Habronemiasis?
- summer sores in horses
- nonhealing sorres
-
How do horses get summer sores?
- house and stable flies carry parasite and deposit larvae
- larvae migrate lower legs, medial canthus, and prepuce
-
What are gastrophilus?
botflies
-
What do botflies look like?
resemble bees
-
Where do botflies lay eggs?
- on horses legs
- one species lay them in the nose
-
Where do botfly larva migrate?
mouth and murrow in tongue, gingiva, and cheek
-
What happens to botflies if they are swallowed?
- stay as larvae and grow for 10 months
- passed in feces
- pupate in environment in 3 - 5 weeks
-
What are Melophagus ovinus?
Sheep keds
-
What is another name for sheep keds?
wingless flies
-
Sheep keds are a permanent ecotparasite of what species?
sheep and goats
-
What do sheep keds cause?
anemia (from sucking blood), pruritus, damage to wool
-
When are sheep keds a problem?
in colder months
-
What kind of tick is this?
- Amblyomma americanum
- lone star tick
-
What kind of ticks are these?
- Dermacentor variabilis
- American dog tick
-
What kind of fly is this?
-
What kind of lice is this?
chewing lice
-
What kind of lice is this?
chewing lice
-
What kind of mite is this?
- Cheyletiella
- walking dandruff
-
What kind of mite is this?
Chorioptes
-
What kind of mite is this?
Chorioptes
-
What kind of fly is this?
-
What is this?
Demodex
-
What is wrong with this puppy?
It has localized demodicosis
-
What is this?
demodex
-
What kind of ticks are these?
- Dermacentor
- American dog tick
-
What kind of fly is this?
-
What is this?
- Felicola subrostratus
- cat chewing lice
-
What is this?
a flea
-
What kind of fly is this?
-
What kind of fly is this?
-
What kind of tick is this?
-
What is this?
nit
-
What kind of mite is this?
- Notoedres cati
- cat scabies
-
What kind of mite is this?
- Otodectes cynotis
- ear mite
-
What is this?
- Otodectes cynotis egg
- ear mite egg
-
What is this?
- Psoroptes
- scab mange in ruminants, ear mite of rabbits
-
What kind of tick is this?
- Rhipicephalus sanguineus
- brown dog tick
-
What is this?
sarcoptes
-
What is this?
- Melophagus ovinus
- sheep ked
-
What kind of fly is this?
stable fly
-
What kind of lice is this?
sucking lice
-
-
What is this?
-
What is this?
warble
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