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Ch10_Medical_Terminology_PART1_Nervous_System_Word_Parts_&_Specialists

Home Get App Take Quiz Create Cerebr/o or encephal/o Combining form(s) meaning brain Function: Coordinates all body activities by receiving & retransmitting message throughout the body Myel/o Combining form meaning spinal cord Function: Transmits nerve impulse between the: 1. Brain 2. Arms & Legs 3. Lower part of the boy Neur/o and Neur/i Combining form meaning nerve(s) Function: Receive & transmit messages to & from all parts of the body encephal/o Combining form meaning brain -ia Suffix meaning abnormal condition par- Prefix meaning abnormal Example: parethesia -al Suffix meaning pertaining to -ic Prefix meaning pertaining to intra- Prefix meaning within an- Prefix meaning without in- Prefix meaning without dys- Prefix meaning bad, difficult, or painful anti- Prefix meaning against hyper- Suffix meaning excessive ultra- Suffix meaning beyond -us Suffix - Singular noun ending -ion Suffix meaning condition or state of Example: concussion -ism Suffix meaning condition of esthesi/o Combining form meaning feeling -esthesia Suffix meaning sensation, feeling electr/o Combining form meaning electric -ologist Suffix meaning specialist esthet/o Combining form meaning feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception Example: Anesthetist psych/o Combining form meaning mind thym/o Combining form meaning mind; thymus gland; soul anxi/o Combining form meaning anxiety -thymia Suffix meaning mind somn/o; somn/i Combining form meaning sleep narc/o Combining form meaning stupor, numbness ambul/o Combining form meaning to walk -iatrist Suffix meaning specialist -lytic Suffix meaning to destroy -ist Suffix meaning specialist -graphy Suffix meaning process of recording or producing a picture of -otomy Suffix meaning surgical incision -plasty Suffix meaning surgical repair -rrhaphy Suffix meaning surgical suturing -tropic Suffix meaning having an affinity for cephal/o Combining form meaning head Note: encephal/o is the combining form for brain myel/o Combining form meaning spinal cord (or bone marrow) radicul/o Combining form mening root or nerve root caus/o; caust/o Combining form meaning burn or burning arachn/o Combining form meaning spider acr/o Combining form meaning top Note: Think about the acropolis claustr/o Combining form meaning barrier agor/a Combining form meaning marketplace klept/o Combining form meaning to steal pyr/o; pyret/o Combining form meaning fire (or fever) trichotill/o Combining form meaning related to hair poli/o combining form meaning gray matter of the brain & spinal cord -mania Suffix meaning madness -phobia Suffix meaning abnormal fear -algia Suffix meaning pain -pathy Suffix meaning disease -osis Suffix meaning abnormal condition -lepsy Suffix meaning seizure -ceps Suffix meaning head -cele Suffix meaning hernia mening/o; meningi/o Combining form meaning meninges hydr/o Combining form meaning water -itis Suffix meaning inflammation -oma Suffix meaning tumor -concuss/o Combining form meaning shaken together, violently agitated contus/o Combining form meaning bruise hemat/o; hem/o Combining form meaning blood crani/o Combining form meaning skull, cranium son/o Combining form meaning sound ech/o Combining form meaning sound Note: Son/o is also a combining form meaning sound Sensory Organs & Receptors Function: 1. Receive external stimulation 2. Transmit stimulli to sensory neurons Sturctures: 1. Eyes (sight) 2. Ears (hearing) 3. Nose (smell) 4. Skin (touch) 5. Tongue (taste) Major Structures, Functions & Divisions of Nervous System Structures: 1. Nerves 2. Brain 3. Spinal cord 4. Sensory organs .....a. Eyes (sight) .....b. Ears (hearing) .....c. Nose (smell) .....d. Skin (touch) .....e. Tongue (taste) Functions: 1. Coordinates & controls all bodily activities 2. The brain is its center; when the brain quits functioning, the body dies Divisions (for descriptive purposes only): 1. Central nervous system (CNS) 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) Structures: 1. Brain 2. Spinal cord Functions: 1. Receive & process information 2. Regulate all bodily activities Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structures: 1. Cranial nerves - 12 pairs 2. Spinal nerves - 31 pairs Function: Transmit nerve signals to & from CNS Nerve 1. One or more bundles of neurons 2. Connect brain & spinal cord to other parts of body Tract Structure & Function: 1. Bundle or group of nerve fibers 2. Located within brain or spinal cord. Two Types: 1. Ascending nerve tracts 2. Descending nerve tracts Ascending nerve tracts Carry nerve impulses UP toward the brain Descending nerve tracts Carry nerves impulses DOWN away from the brain Ganglion 1. Nerve center 2. Made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies 3. Outside the CNS Note: Term also describes a benign, tumor-like cyst Innervation Supply of nerves to a specific body part Plexus (plural: plexuses) Network of intersecting spinal nerves Note: This term also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels Receptors 1. Sites on sensory organs that receive external stimulation 2. Send stimulus thru sensory neurons to brain for interpretation. Stimulus Anything that: 1. Excites (activates) a nerve which 2. Causes an impulse Impulse Wave of excitation transmitted thru nerve fibers & neurons Reflex 1. Automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body 2. Examples: .....a. Changes in blood pressure, heart or breathing rates .....b. Coughing & sneezing .....c. Responses to painful stimuli Neurons 1. Function: .....a. Basic cells of the nervous system .....b. Allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other. .....c. Carry impulses thru electrochemical process .....d. Process creates brain waves - patterns of electrical activity 2. Structure: .....a. One cell body .....b. Several dendrites .....c. One axon .....d. Terminal end fibers 3. Body has billions of neurons There are 3 types of neurons (ACE & SAM) 1. Types are described according to their function 2. The 3 types of neurons are: .....a. Afferent (Sensory) - toward .....b. Connecting (Associative) - linking .....c. Efferent (Motor) - away from Afferent neurons 1. Means toward 2. Sensory neurons 3. From sensory organs & skin 4. Carry impulses toward the brain & spinal cord Connecting neurons 1. Meaning linking/connecting 2. Associative neurons 3. Link sensory & motor neurons Efferent neurons 1. Means away from 2. Motor neurons 3. Carry impulses away from the brain & spinal cord toward muscles & glands Brain waves 1. Patterns of neuron electrical activity Note: Different types of brain waves are produced during periods of intense activity, rest, & sleep ACE is SAM ACE = Afferent - Connecting - Efferent (euron types) SAM = Sensory - Associative - Motor (functions) Neuron Parts 1. Cell body - 1 2. Dendrites - several 3. Axon - 1 4. Terminal nerve fibers Dendrite 1. Root-like processes on nerve cell 2. Receive impulses 3. Conduct impulses to cell body 4. Several per cell body Processes Structure that extends out from nerve cell body Axon 1. Process that extends away from cell body 2. Conducts impulses away from nerve cell 3. Can be more than 3 feet long 4. Many (not all) protected by myelin sheath Myelin Sheath 1. White fatty tissue 2. Covers most - but not all - axons of nerve cells Terminal end fibers 1. Branching nerve fibers at end of axon 2. Lead nervous impulse from axon to synapse Synapse 1. Space between: .....a. 2 neurons .....b. 1 neuron & a receptor organ 2. Can be a few or hundreds of synapses per neuron Neurotransmitters 1. Chemicals that make it possible for messages to cross from synapse to target receptor 2. 200-300 known, each with specialized function 3. Examples include A.N.D.E.S.: .....a. Acetylcholine .....b. Norepinephrine .....c. Dopamine .....d. Endorphins .....e. Serotonin Acetylcholine 1. Influences muscle action 2. Released at some synapes: .....a In spinal cord .....b. At neuromuscular junctions Norepinephrine 1. Responds to hypotension & physical stress 2. Released at synaptic nerve endings Dopamine 1. Involved in: ......a. Mood & thought disorders ......b. Abnormal movement sich as Parkinson's 2. Released within brain Endorphins 1. Naturally occuring substances 2. Produced by brain to relieve pain Serotonin 1. Roles in sleep, hunger, & pleasure recognition 2. Sometimes linked to mood disorders 3. Released in brain Glial Cells 1. Provide support & protection for neurons 2. 4 main functions: ......a. Surround neurons & hold in place ......b. Supply nutrients & oxygen to neurons ......c. Insulate one neuron from another ......d. Destroy & remove dead neurons Myelin Sheath 1. Protective covering (white sheath) made up of glial cells 2. Forms white matter of brain 3. Covers some parts of spinal cord 4. Covers axon of most peripheral nerves 5. Myelinated means having a myelin sheath 6. Unmyelinated nerve fibers are called gray matter Myelinated 1. Having a myelin sheath 2. White matter Unmyelinated 1. Lacking a myelin sheath 2. Gray matter - unmyelinated portion of nerve fibers 3.Lack of myelin sheath creates gray color of brain & spinal cord Central Nervous system 1. Made up of: ......a. Brain ......b. Spinal cord 2. Protected externally by bones of: ......a. Cranium ......b. Vertebrae of spinal column 3. Further protected within bony structures by: ......a. Meninges .....b. Cerebrospinal fluid Meninges (singular: meninx) 1. System of membranes enclosing brain & spinal cord of the CNS 2. Consists of 3 layers of connective tissue: .....a. Dura mater .....b. Arachnoid membrane .....c. Pia mater Dura Mater Thick, tough outermost membrane of the meninges 2. Inner surface of cranium (skull) is lined with dura mater Dura Means hard Mater Means mother Epidural space 1. Inner surface of the vertebral column 2. This space is located between walls of the vertebral column & dura mater of the meninges 3. Contains fat & supportive connective tissues to cushion the dura mater Subdural Space 1. In both skull & vertebral column 2. Located between the dura mater & the arachnoid membrane Arachnoid Membrane 1. The second layer of the meninges 2. Located between the dura mater & the pia mater 3. Resembles a spider web. 4. Is loosely attached to the other meninges to allow space for fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) to flow between the layers Arachnoid Means having to do with spiders Subarachnoid Space 1. Located below the arachnoid membrane & above the pia mater 2. Contains cerebrospinal fluid. Pia Mater 1. Third layer of the meninges 2. Located nearest the brain & spinal cord 3. Consists of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels Cerebrospinal Fluid (spinal fluid) 1. Produced by special capillaries within 4 ventricles in middle region of the cerebrum 2. Fluid is clear, colorless, & watery fluid that flows throughout the brain & around the spinal cord 3. Functions of this fluid: .....a. Cool & cushion brain & spinl cord from shock or injury .....b. Nourish brain & spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers to them Parts of the Brain 1. Functions most essential to life are located within ost protected parts of the brain. 2. Parts of brain are: .....a. Cerebrum ...........(1.) Cerebral hemispheres (subsets of cerebrum) ..................(a.) Left ..................(b.) Right ...........(2.) Cerebral lobes (subsets of hemispheres) ..................(a.) Frontal ..................(b.) Parietal ..................(c.) Occipital ..................(d.) Temporal .....b. Thalamus .....c. Hypothalamus .....d. Cerebellum .....e. Brainstem ...........(1.) Midbrain ...........(2.) Pons ...........(3.) Medulla Cerebrum - Structures 1. Largest & uppermost part of the brain 2. Divided into two halves connected at lower midpoint by corpus callosum 3. Cerebral cortex is outer layer of cerebrum 4. Consists of 4 lobes: .....a. Frontal .....b. Parietal .....c. Occipital .....d. Temporal Cerebrum - Functions 1. Controls highest level of thought including: .....a. Judgment .....b. Memory .....c. Association .....d. Emotion .....e. Critical thinking 2. Processes sensations 3. Controls & integrates all voluntary muscle activity 4. Cerebellum vs. Cerebrum - Location The cerebellum is below the cerebrum Memory Aid: BELow and cereBELlum Cerebral Means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain Cerbral Cortex 1. Outer layer of cerebrum 2. Made up of gray matter 3. Arranged in deep folds known as fissures Fissure Normally occuring deep groove Note: Different from skin fissure which is crack-like sores Cerebral Hemisphere 1. Hemispheres control the majority of functions on the opposite side of body 2. Injury to one hemisphere produces sensory & motor deficits on opposite side of body Note: The crossing of nerve fibers that makes this arrangement possible occurs in the brain stem. f the body Cerebral Lobes 1. Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes 2. Lobes named for the bone of the cranium covering it. Frontal Lobe Controls: 1. Skilled motor functions 2. Memory 3. Behavior Parietal Lobe Receives & interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in: 1. Tongue 2. Skin 3. Muscles Occipital Lobe Controls eyesight Temporal Lobe Controls: 1. Senses of: .....a. Hearing .....b. Smell 2. Ability to create, store, & access new information Thalamus 1. Location: Below cerebrum 2. Function: Produces sensations by relaying impulses to & from cerebrum & sense organs Hypothalmus 1. Location: Below thalamus 2. Functions: Seven major regulatory functions: .....a. Autonomic nervous system .....b. Emotional responses .....c. Body temperature regulation .....d. Food intake regulation (control hunger sensations) .....e. Water balance regulation (control thirst sensations) .....f. Sleep-wakefulness cycle regulation .....g. Pituitary gland & endocrine system regulation Cerebellum 1. Structure: Second largest part of the brain 2. Location: Back of head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum 3. Functions: .....a. General functions are to: ...........(1.) Produce smooth,coordinated movements ...........(2.) Maintain equilibrium ...........(3.) Maintain normal posture .....b. Receives incoming messages regarding: ...........(1.) Movement within joints ...........(2.) Muscle tone ...........(3.) Positions of the body .....c. Relays messages to different parts of brain that controls the motions of the skeletal muscles Brainstem - Structure 1. Stalk-like 2. Connection between: ......a. Cerebral hemispheres ......b. Spinal cord 3. Made up of 3 parts: .....a. Midbrain .....b. Pons .....c. Medulla Midbrain & Pons 1. Provide conduction pathways to & from higher & lower centers of brain 2. Control reflexes for movements of eyes & head in response to visual & auditory stimuli Pons Latin word meaning bridge Medulla 1. Location: .....a. Lowest part of brainstem .....b. Connected to spinal cord 2. Function: Controls basic survival functions, including: .....a. Muscles controlling: ...........(1.) Respiration ...........(2.) Heart rate ...........(3.) Blood pressure .....b. Reflexes for: ...........(1.) Coughing ...........(2.) Sneezing ...........(3.) Swallowing ...........(4.) Vomiting Spinal Cord - Structure 1. Long, fragile tube-like 2. Begins at the end of the brain stem 3. Continues almost to bottom of the spinal column 4. Surrounded & protected by: .....a. Cerebrospinal fluid .....b. Meninges .....c. Spinal column Spinal Cord - Function 1. Contains all nerves affecting: .....a. Limbs .....b. Lower part of body 2. Pathway for impulses traveling to & from brain Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 1. Consists of: ......a. 12 pairs of cranial nerves that extend from the brain ......b. 31 pairs of spinal nerves extending from spinal cord 2. Three types of specialized nerves transmit signals from CNS: .....a. Autonomic nerve fibers .....b. Sensory nerve fibers .....c. Somatic (motor) nerve fibers Autonomic Nerve Fibers Carry instructions: ......a. To organs & glands ......b. From autonomic nervous system Sensory Nerves Fibers 1. Receive external stimuli (such as how something feels) 2. Transmit this information to the brain for interpretation Somatic (Motor) Nerve Fibers Convey information that controls body's voluntary muscular movements Peripheral Means pertaining to body parts that are away from the center of the body Cranial Nerves 1. 12 pairs that originate from undersurface of the brain 2. About each pair: .....a. They are identical in function & structure .....b. Each nerve of a pair serves half of the body 3. Naming: .....a. Identified by Roman numerals .....b. Named for area or function they serve Peripheral Spinal Nerves 1. 31 pairs grouped toegther 2. Naming: .....a. Based on region of the body they innervate .....b. Then by number within a region: ..........(1.) Cervical nerves: C1 - C8 ..........(2.) Thoracic nerves: T1-T12 ..........(3.) Lumbar nerves: L1-L5 ..........(4.) Sacral nerves: S1-S5 3. Plexus: .....a. Spinal nerves sometimes join with others to form a plexus to innervate a certain area .....b. Example: The lumbar plexus (L1 - L4) - serves the lower back Autonomic Nervous System 1. Organized into two divisions .....a. Sympathetic nervous system .....b. Parasympathetic nervous system 2. Control involuntary actions of body such as functioning of internal organs 3. In order to maintain homestatsis, each division balances the activity of the other Homeostasis Process of maintaining constant internal environment of the body Sympathetic Nervous System Prepares body for emergencies by increasing: .....1. Breathing rate .....2. Heart rate .....3. Blood flow to muscles Parasympathetic Nervous System 1. Returns body to normal after a response to stress. 2. Maintains normal body functions during ordinary circumstances that are not emotionally or physically stressful Anesthesiologist Physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery Anesthetist Medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician. For example: a nurse anesthetist. Neurologist Physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgeon Physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system Psychiatrist Physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, & mental illness Psychologist 1. Holds an advanced degree, but is not a medical doctor 2. This specialist evaluates & treats emotional problems & mental illness

Author havenwood ID 146600 Card Set Ch10_Medical_Terminology_PART1_Nervous_System_Word_Parts_&_Specialists Description Ch10 Medical Terminology - PART 1 - Nervous System - Word Parts & Specialists Updated 2012-04-16T18:48:57Z Show Answers