A&P

Medial indentation on the concave side of the kidney:

The basic and functional unit of the kidney?

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

Descending and ascending limb within the medulla?

A cavity continuous with the ureter and medial to the medulla:

What is the approximate number of nephrons per kidney?

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule:

Tubule extending from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle:
Location:

Tubule joins the collecting duct:

Give the location for the loop of Henle:

Bowman's capsule is an extension of which tubule?

Outer layer of the kidney:

Region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids:

The apex of the renal pyramids:

Lines extending from the apex to the base of a renal pyramid:

Extensions of the renal cortex into the medulla between the renal pyramids:

Tubule joining the descending loop of Henle:
Tubule joining the ascending loop of Henle:

Enclose the papillae of the renal pyramids:

Extend from the base of the pyramids to the papillae and calyx:

Name three functions of nephrons:

Vessel entering Bowman's capsule:
Vessel leaving Bowman's capsule:

What is the final result of the 3 functions of a nephron:
1) Regulate volume and composition of blood plasma by removal of water and dissolved substances
2) Help regulate blood pH
3) Remove toxic waste from blood

Define filtration:

Which of the two arterioles has the larger diameter?
What effect does this have on the pressure?

What is unique about the permeability of the glomerulus?

What are the two materials not allowed to pass into Bowman's capsule from the glomerulus?

The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the blood pressure of the __________.

Fluid entering the Bowman's capsule:

What is the rate of filtration per hour?
What is the rate of filtration per 24 hours?

What effect does low systemic blood pressure have on the rate of filtration?

At what level of systemic blood pressure will filtration stop?

Is urine formed if there is no filtration?

When is the juxtaglomerular apperatus functional?

Explain how angiotensin elevates the systemic blood pressure:

In terms of arterioles, explain how the glomerular blood pressure can be elevated:

The movement of molecules out of the tubules nad into the peritubular blood:

The movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubules:

What fractional part of the filtrate passing into Bowman's capsule will be reabsorbed before reaching the end of the proximal tubule?

Why is reabsorption a selective process?

Where is the site of most tubular reabsorption?

How many liters of urine are produced per day?
What condition exists when too much urine is secreted?
What is the condition of blood in the urine?
What is the condition of no urine secretion?
Painful urine excretion:
Ascant amount of urine excreted:

What per cent of the water entering Bowman's capsule will be reabsorbed?

Why is glucose and amino acids not found in the urine normally?

Compare active and passive transport: discuss types of energy involved; concentration gradient; and carrier molecules:

How does the reabsorption of sodium and potassium ions differ in the proximal tubules and descending loop of Henle?

By what process are glucose, amino acids, and organic acids reabsorbed?

Passive transport depends on what three factors?

How does osmosis differ from diffusion?

________per cent of the water is reabsobed in the proximal tubule, and ________per cent is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle and the distal tubule.

Which process allows the body to rid itself of excess substances and hel control blood pH?

What effect does increased concentration of ions in the peritubular capillary have on the osmotic pressure of blood?

By what two processes can secretion occur?

Which ion is actively secreted into the proximal tubule and also actively secreted into the distal tubule?

How are potassium ions secreted?

Where does the renin-angiotensin mechanism originate?

What two structures meet at the junction in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

What stimulus is necessary for the contraction of smooth muscle?

Under what condition of systemic blood pressure will the afferent arterioles be dilated? ________ constricted? ________

What effect does increased solute have on the secretion of urine?

Hormone secreted by muscle fibers in the atrial wall of the heart: ________; effect on urine volume: ________

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland: ________ effect on water loss: ________ effect on sodium ions: ________

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex: ________ its effects on urine volume: ________

What is glycosuria?
What health condition exists with glycosuria?

Hollow muscular organ providing temporary storage for urine:

What prevents urine in the kidney bladder from backing up into the ureter?

Give the beginning and end of the ureter:

Which layer in the wall of the ureter is smooth muscle?

Peristaltic waves are associated with which layer of the ureteral wall?

What is the function of the peristaltic waves?

The inner layer of the wall of the ureter is continuous with what?

What bony structure lies anterior to the urinary bladder?

Using the equation on effective filtration pressure (EFP) what combination of forces move fluids out of the glomerulus?

What two forces move fluids into the glomerulus?