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memory
the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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encoding
the processing of information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning
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storage
the retention of encoded information over time
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retrieval
the pricess of getting information out of memory storage
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sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences
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working memory
a newer understanding of short- term memory that foucses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retreived from long-term memory
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automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practive to yeild better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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serial position effect
our tendency t orecall best the land and first items in a list
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visual encoding
the encoding of picture images
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acoustic encoding
the encoding of cound, especially the sound of words
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semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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imagery
mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful porcoessing, espically when combined with semantic encoding
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mnemonics
memory aids, espically thoes techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
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iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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amnesia
the loss of memory
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implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
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explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
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hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
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recall
- a measure of memory in which the perosn must retrieve information learned earlier
- as on a fill in the blank test
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recognition
- a measure of memory in which the eprson need only identify items previously learned
- as on a multiple choice test
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relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning laterial for a second time
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priming
the activation, often inconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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deja vu
that errie sense that"ive experienecd this before". Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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mood-congrunet memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories
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misinformation effect
incorporating misleading informationinto one's memory of an event
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source smnesia
- attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, herd about, read about, or imagined.
- along with misinofrmation effect is at the heart of many false memories
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