Foreign substances that when encountered by the Immune system elicit a response
antigen
Proteins that are produced by the body in reponse to a specific antigen and are capable of reacting against it
antibodies
An allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition
atopy
anitgen that triggers an allergic response
allergen
How do allergens enter the body
inhalation
ingestion
injection
What occurs during the initial exposure of an allergen
B cells are activated and become plasma cells
IgE forms
subsequent exposure will now cause allergic reactions
What does IgE attch itself to
membranes of:
mast cells of CT
basophils
What cell releases it's granules that are filled with chemical mediators(histamine) when the allergen is encountered and combines with IgE
mast cells
What cell has granules that contain histaminase, and help to control allergic reactions
eosinophils
Systemic allergic reaction to an allergen
anaphylactic shock
Which of the following cells are involved in the production of antibodies?
1. neutrophils
2. helper T cells
3. B lymphocytes
4. killer T cells
5.monocytes
helper T cells
B lymphocytes
What are antigen capturing cells?
1. macrophages
2. natural killer cells
3. memory T cells
4. B lymphocytes
macrophages
Which cells process and present the antign?
macrophages
Which immunogobulin is involved in immune reponse?
IgE
Which cell facilitates the overall activity of the immune reponse and controls all the cells of the immune system?
CD4/ T-helper cells
Which of the following chemical mediators stimulate the proliferation of B and T cells?
B. cytokines
What does the term seroconversion mean in relation to HIV and AIDS?
HIV antibodies have been found in the blood
What organism often causes severe respiratory problems and often death of AIDS patients?
Pneumocytosis carinii
What is the etiology of SLE?
D. It is an autoimmune disease
What criterion in a medical diagnosis lab will change the diagnosis from HIV positive to AIDS?
CD4 cells fall below a certain level
How could passive immunity be aquired?
1. an injection of antivenom following a snakebite
2.measles vaccine
3.hepatitis B immumogobulin injection
4.infection of chickenpox
1 and 3
What causes an Inflammatory reaction during allergies?
Chemical mediators
What cells of the gastric glands interact with Histamine?
Parietal cells
What innflammatory respons occurs as a result of the interaction of Histamine with Histamine receptors on the parietal cells? What signs and symptoms occur?
Increased HCL which causes:
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
What are the signs and symptoms of anaphlactic shock in order of occurence?
tingling or itching over body
flushing and headache
difficulty breathing due to bronchioconstriction and larygeal edema
Anaphaylactic shock occurs from a massive release of _______
Histamine
What is the treatment for anaphylactic shock?
Epinephrine within 15 minutes
What does Epinephrine do when administered during anaphaylactic shock?
causes vasoconstriction which increases BP and allows airways to open
What are the treatment plans for allergies?
Skin Test
Desenitization
Antihistamines
Which allergy treatment contains IgG, which compete with allergens on the bonding site of mast cells, and may stimulate suppresor T cells which suppress the production of IgE?
desensitization
How do antihistamines work?
they compete with Histamine-1 receptor sites on the effector structure, blocking the response of the tissue to release histamine
The ability of the Immune system to distinguish between self and non-self
immune response
A disease where the body produces antibodies against its own cells and tissues
autoimmune
What is the etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Idiopathic
Multifactoral based on:
gender & age- effects more females
race- Higher in africans, hispanics, asians, &indians
enviorment-UV light
What organ systems are involved in SLE?
chronic multi-system disesase
What diagnostica procedures are used to identify SLE?
History& physical
Positive SLE cell preperation
ANA test
Urinalysis
CBC(complete blood count)
ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
When testing for SLE what test looks for LE cells in the blood serum by looking at neutorphils that have nuclear material from the cells they have phaygocytized?
positive SLE cell preperation
When testing for SLE what test looks for antinuclear antibodies and is postitive more than 95% of the time?
ANA
When doing a urinalysis on a patient believed to have SLE what irregularities would be found in the urine sample?
proteins
RBC& casts
A person with SLE would have a ______ amount of RBC, WBC, and platelets in a CBC test
decreased
A person with SLE would have a ______ESR test
elevated
What are the complications of SLE?
kidney failure
endocardial degeneration
anemia
What are the treatment plans for someone with SLE?
corticosteroids(prednisone)
NSAID(nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs)
avoid UV light
What is the prognosis for a patient with SLE?
chronic disease
depends on location of disease, worse in kidneys and brain
What is the etiology of AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
Explain the genetic makeup of HIV including protein coat
retrovirus
2 identical strands of RNA
capsid composed of protein p24
HIV is a member of what subfamily?
Lentiviruses
What is the enzyme that HIV contains and how does it work
reverse transcriptase
Allows it's RNA into host DNA
How can HIV become inactivated
temps above 60o C(140o F)
autocalving and disinfectants
How is HIV transmitted?
STD
Circumcision
Drug abuse
Mother - Infant
Blood transfusion
Occupation
What are the target cells of HIV?
CD 4 T helper cells
What are the pathophysiology stages of HIV?
pimary infection
latent phase
AIDS
During the primary infection stage of HIV the individual will experience ______ - _____ _______ and test HIV antibody _______.
flu-like symptoms
negative
Is a person still contagious while in the primary infection stage of HIV?
yes
What is the lag time/window period in a person with HIV?
2 weeks- 6 months
average of 3-7 weeks
What occurs during the latent phase of HIV?
HIV antibodies positive
CD4 T helper cells decrease
What occurs during the AIDS satge of HIV?
CD4 T helper cells drop below 200 mm3
Immune system becomes incompetent
Opportunistic infections occur
What opportunistic Infections occur during the AIDS stage of HIV?
Pneumocytosis pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Herpes Simplex
Candidiasis
GI disorders
HIV encephalopathy(AIDS dementia)
Kaposi's Sarcoma
What are the diagnostic procedures for HIV?
ELISA(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
Western blot test
*ELISA 1st, if positive repeat, if positive 2nd time do western blot*
polymerase chain reaction
rapid HIV antibody test
Which HIV testing is helpful in diagnosisng newborns?
polmerase chain reaction
dectects viral RNA & DNA instesad of antibodies
Which HIV diagnostic test uses saliva?
rapid HIV antibody test
What are normal CD4 T helper cell values?
800-1200 mm3
What are the complications for AIDS?
maignant neoplasms
opportunistic infections
What is the prognosis for AIDS?
chronic disesase
What treatments are available for patients with HIV?
Antibiotics for infections
Antiviral drugs (AZT) inhibits viral replication by inhibiting HIV enzyme
