Sem2Mini1Neuro

• Filamin A is an actin-binding protein important for initiation of migration
• X-LINKED
• Males - Die in eutero
• Heterozygous females - Late onset seisure and some mild retardation

• Doublecortin (DC X-linked) is a microtubule- associated protein important for staying on the migration path migration.
• X-LINKED
• Males - X-linked lissencephaly (“smooth brain” with no gyri) or pachygyria (fewer than normal gyri) and severe retardation
• Heterozygous Females - double cortex (subcortical laminar band heterotopia, SBH)

• LIS1 gene defect (on chromosome 17) codes for a microtubule-associated protein important for maintaining the proper speed of migration
• AUTOSOMAL
• Autosomal - severe mental retardation- thickened cortex and paucity of gyri and sulci

• Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein important for termination of migration Cajal-Retzius cells, secrete Reelin, which accumulates just below the pial surface.
• AUTOSOMAL
• Early born neurons won't get off the track blocking later more cortical neurons. Createing Inverted corical lamination and lissencephally

• Ventricular zone to cortex
• Climbing up strands of radial glial cells
• Ependymal (neuro stem cells) to Pia surface (differentiated neurons)
• Stages
• 1. Neurogenesis
• 2. Migration
• 3. Arborization (extension of dendrites and axons)
• 4. Myelination (of axons) 5. Synapse formation and elimination

• 1. Molecular layer
• 2/3. Supragranular layer -Pyrimidal (glutametergic corticocortical connection only but both associational and commisural)
• 4.Granular (mostly in primary sesory areas, not in primary motor)
• 5. Infragranular - Large pyrimidal and amorphic (both corticocortical and cortifugal)

• CNS cannot
• PNS only with help of Schwann cells providing guidence

• T1 weighted = grey looks grey and white matter looks white
• T2 weighted = Grey looks white and white matter looks dark

• Crescent shaped - maintains the countured shape of brain
• Opens up potential space between Dura mattar and arachnoid matter
• vein at attachment to sinuses
• Dural venous sinus

• Football shapped hematoma - indents into the brain rather than countours it
• Above dura
• Meningeal Artery
• Dura venous sinous

• Uncus of medial temporal lobe herniates through the tentorial notch. Into the cerebellum space.
• Extra stuff presses on the midbrain against the other edge of the tentorial notch
• Cerebral peduncle deficient
• PCA (occipital lobe hypoperfusion)
• CN III gaze palsy
• Coma

• Cerebellum herniation through foramen magnum
• Cerebellar mass causing one tonsil to herniate and pressing on the brain stem below (medulla compression)
• Rapidly fatal as Medulla contains cardio and respiratory centers.

• at level of mid pons and cuts through facial nucleus and abducens nucleus
• Facial colliculus is produced as facial nerves wrap around the abducent nerve producing a bulg in the 4th ventricle
• 

• Innervates lateral rectus muscle
• comes out at the front of the ponto medulla junction just medial to the facial nerve
• This is the most medial nerve at the pons/medulla junction and easily damaged due to long intracranial course
• Functions in vestibulo-occula and conjugate gaze reflexes--> yolks CNIII to adduct towards side of head turning through the Medial Longitudenal Fasiculus
• Recieves information paramedian pontine reticular formation (which recieves info from cortex, vestibular nuclei and superior colliculus)

• Primary olfactory --> glomeruli via Mitral Cells
• Glomeruli --> olfactory track
• taste receptor--> 1st order sensory neuron--> solatary nucleus (2nd order neuron)--> VPM (3rd order)--> insula and frontal cortex

• Just below the fornix a strip of white matter that mirrors the function of the corpus colusom but much smaller
• connects the temporal lobes, the amagdala, and recieves info from olfactory

• receptors --> CN VII, CN IX, CN X--> solitary nucleus --> VPM--> insula
• Or solitary nucleus --> hypothalamus/Amygdala

• all over tongue, no taste buds, like sand paper
• karetinized epithelium

• All over anterior part of tongue
• Taste nerve

• Posterior part of the tongue
• Large circles at the base of the tongue for taste

• on the side of the tongue
• Rudimentary

• Awake --> alpha/beta waves
• N1 (drowsiness)--> theta wave--> hypnic jerk and hypnagogic hallucinations
• N2 (light sleep)--> sleep spindles and K complexes --> decreased muscular activity and accounts for 45-55% of sleep
• N3(deep slow wave sleep) --> delta waves --> night terrors, bed wetting, sleep walking and talking
• REM --> beta waves --> rapid eye movement and low voltage EEG, muscular atonia( complex relaxation) and vivid dreams 20-25% in adults

• Part of the hypothalamus that works with pineal gland to regulat circadian rythem
• Takes information from retina and raphe nuclei
• Efferent to pineal gland

• Reticular nuclei at multiple locations that secret seratonin
• in respect to sleep it fires before and after REM to terminate the episode
• Normally present during awake

• Serotonin --> raphe nuclei
• Norepi --> Locus ceruleus
• Orexin --> lateral hypothalamus (dorsal medial nucleus)

• Can be caused by the absence of orexin
• Intrusion of REM sleep during periods of wakefullness
• sleepy during the day

GABA --> preoptic area

Retina (light)--> suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) --> reticular formation in ventrolateral medula--> intermediolateral neurons of spinal chord--> superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic control) --> pineal gland

• Neurohypothesis
• Release ADH and oxytocin

• DOPA-nergic neurons controls prolactin relase from antierior pituitary
• GHRH and possibbly other pituitary control hypothalimus releasing hormones

• Sleep initiation with GABA secretion
• sexual dimorphic nucleus--> GnRH secretion

• Sleep cycle and circadian rythm
• Pineal gland activation