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- author "me"
- tags ""
- description "Change 7-8"
- fileName "PSYCHOLOGY "
- freezingBlueDBID -1.0
- A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
- Learning
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A type of learning in which one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events. ( A flash of lightning signals an impending thunder.)
Classical conditioning
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One learns to associate a response (our behavior) and it's consequence, and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results
Operant conditioning
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Learning new behaviors by observing others
Observational learning
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Pioneers of classical conditioning
Ivan pavlov and watson
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Pioneer of operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
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Pioneer of observational learning
Bandura
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
Unconditioned stimulus
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The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salavation when food is in the mouth
Unconditioned response
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A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
(The bell in Pavlov's study)
Neutral stimulus
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A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
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A learned response to a previously neutral( but now conditioned) stimulus
Conditioned response
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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditional stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer enforced
Extinction
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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Generalization
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The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
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An 11 month old baby feared loud noises but not a white rat. When presented with the rat, he reached to touch the rat. At the same time, the researcher would make a loud noise behind the baby's head. After 7 repeats, he burst into tears at the mere site of a rat. 5 days later, he generalized this fear with other white objects.
Little albert
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Behavior is shaped by good or bad responses, even if not done intentionally. What is this theory?
Behavior is shaped by its consequences
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences become more likely
Law of effect
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An operant conditioning procedure in which re- enforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
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Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food
Positive reinforcement
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Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli (not to be confused with punishment)
Negative reinforcement
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An event that decreases the behavior it follows
Punishment
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An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Primary reinforcement
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through it association with a primary reinforcer
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcement
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A chamber containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
Skinner box (operant chamber)
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What was skinners controversial philosophy?
He repeatedly insisted that external influences shape behavior. Critics objected, saying he dehumanized people buying the neglecting their personal freedom by seeking to control their actions.
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Fixed ratio schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable ratio schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Fixed interval schedule
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Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Variable interval schedule
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A mental representation of the layout of ones environment ( after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have a learned a mental map of it.)
Cognitive map
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The persistence of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
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The processing of information into the memory system
Encoding
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Retention of encoded information overtime
Storage
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Process of getting information out of memory storage
Retrieval
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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in memory system
Sensory memory
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A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of info retrieved from long term memory
Working memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the 7 digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotton
Short term memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skill, and experiences. ( Limitless capacity and duration)
Long term memory
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information; times, space, and frequency, and of well learned information such a word meaning
Automatic processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (studying new chapters)
Effortful processing
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Spacing effect
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The course of forgetting is intentionally rapid, then levels off with time
Forgetting curve
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Serial position
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
Chunking
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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image of memory lasting no more than a few 10th of a second
Iconic memory
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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds
Echoic memory
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Hey clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Flashbulb memory
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The loss of memory
Amnesia
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Memory aids, especially those techniques that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonic
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Retention independent of conscious recollection
Implicit memory
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Memory of fact and experiences that 1 can consciously know and "declare"
Explicit memory
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That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Deja vu
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
Mood congruence memory
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What we learn in one state, be at drunk or sober, may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
State dependent memory
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Why do we forget?
- 1. Encoding failure- failing to encode information; associated with older adults
- 2. Storage decay- possibly gradual fading of the physical memory trace. (Discarded memories)
- 3. Retrieval failure - inability to retrieve long term memories
- 4. Proactive interference-the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (new phone number)
- 5. Retroactive interference- the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (passwords)
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Forgetting certain aspects of memories ( leaving out a part of a memory that makes you look bad)
Motivated forgetting
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