OPMT Chapt. 14, 15, & 16

establishing the timing of the use of equipment, facilities, and human activities in an organization; if done effectively it can yield cost savings & increases in productivity; objective= minimize customer waiting time, inventories, & process times

high-volume systems (for personal computers, tvs, toys, appliances, mining, cafeteria lines) in which jobs all follow the same sequence

scheduling for flow systems; goal= to achieve a smooth rate of flow of goods or customers through the system in order to get high utilization of labor & equipment

output falls between the standardized type of output of high-volume systems & the make-to-order output of job shops; intermittent production, not continuous; work centers periodically shift from one product to another; run (batch) sizes=relatively lare; products= canned foods, baked goods, paint, & cosmetics

scheduling for low-volume systems with many variations in requirements; products are made to order; orders usually differ in terms of processing requirements, materials needed, processing time, & processing sequence and setups; complex scheduling environment b/c impossible to do so before actual job orders received

the assignment of jobs to processing (work) centers; specific jobs to work centers & various machines in the work centers; seek arrangements that will minimize processing & setup costs, idle time among work centers, or job completion time

used a visual aid for loading & scheduling purposes; purpose= to organize & visually display the actual or intended use of resources in a time framework; managers may use for trial-and-error schedule development to get an idea of what different arrangements would involve

a Gantt chart that shows the loading and idle times for a group of machines or list of departments;

determining the order in which jobs at a work center will be processed

simple heuristics used to select the order in which jobs will be processed

time needed for setup and processing of a job

first come first serve; jobs are processed in the order in which they arrive at a machine or work center

shortest processing time; jobs are processed according to processing time at a machine or work center, shortest first

earliest due date; jobs are processed according to due date, earliest first

critical ratio; jobs are processed according to smallest ratio of time remaining until due date to processing time remaining; lowest ratio goes 1st; negative= late

• due date - current date
• processing time

the amount of time from when a job arrives until it is finished; the length of time a job is at a particular workstation or work center; includes processing time AND any time waiting to be processed

the difference between the actual completion date & the due date; the length of time the job completion time is expected to exceed the job due date or the date promised to a customer

the total time needed to complete a group of jobs, from the beginning of the first job in the group to the completion of the last job in the group; sum of all the flow times

a Gantt chart that shows the orders or jobs in progress and whether they are on schedule; needs to be repeatedly updated to keep it current; doesn't directly reveal costs associated with alternative loadings

jobs are assigned to work centers without regard to the capacity of the work center

jobs are assigned to work centers taking into account the work center capacity and job processing times; capacity is not exceeded; may have to be updated often

scheduling ahead from a point in time; used when the question is: how long will it take to complete the job; enables scheduler to determine the earliest possible completion time for each job & the amount of lateness or slack

scheduling backward from the due date; used when the question is: when is the latest this job can be started and still be completed on time

focus on information pertaining to a single workstation when establishing a job sequence

incorporate information from multiple workstations when establishing a job sequence; require more effort

technique for minimizing makespan (completion time) for a group of jobs to be processed on 2 machines or at 2 work centers; minimizes idle time at work centers

a flexible system that uses minimal resources (activities, people, inventory, floor space) & produces high-quality goods or services; tends to achieve greater productivity, lower costs, shorter cycle times, & higher quality; 3 elements= demand driven, focused on waste reduction from every aspect of the process, & has a culture dedicated to excellence & continuous improvement

a high coordinated processing system in which goods move through the system, & services are performed, just as they are needed; sometimes lean systems are referred to as this

a workstation pulls output from the preceding station as it is needed; replacing material or parts based on demand; produce only what is needed; require fairly steady flow of repitive work; not good for large variations in volume, product mix, or product design

the 7 sources of waste

a manual system that signals the need for parts or materials; result= delivery of a steady stream of a small supply of parts throughout the workday to the factory & each workstation

a system for reducing changeover time; setup tools & equipment & setup procedures must be simple & standardized; multi-purpose equipment or attachments can help reduce setup time

automatic detection of defects during production, sometimes used to minimize them; then human stops production to correct the cause of the defects

the cycle time needed in a production system to match the pace of production to the customer demand rate for the final product; sometimes referred to as the heartbeat of a lean production system; often set for a work shift; can be used to determine the time that should be allotted to each workstation in the production process

safeguards built into a process to reduce the possibility of errors; ex= an alarm that sounds to indicate when packages are missing components & designing parts that can only be attached in the correct position

allocation of overhead to specific jobs based on their percentage of activities; designed to more closely reflect the actual amount of overhead consumed by a particular job or activity

work is pushed to the next station as it is completed; used in traditional production environments; has no regard for the next station's readiness for the work= work may pile up at workstations that fall behind schedule

card or other device that communicates demand for work or materials from the preceding station; Japanese for signal or visible record; authorization to move or work on parts; can also be a signal to produce or deliver parts; major benefit= its simplicity; goals= to improve customer service, reduce inventories, & increase productivity

maintaing equipment in good operating condition & replacing parts that have a tendency to fail before they actually do fail; maintain supplies of critical spare parts for emergency situations, maintain a small force of repair ppl, or train workers to do certain repairs themselves

a visual tool to systematically examine the flow of materials & info. involved in bringing a product or service to a consumer; provides an overview of the activities that comprise a process; identifies waste & opportunities for improvement; can lead to uncovering factors related to poor quality & mgmt problems

a sequence of orgs-their facilities (warehouses, factories, retail outlets, distribution centers, offices), functions, & activities- that are involved in producing & delivering a product or service; begins w/ basic suppliers of raw materials & extends all the way to the final customer; F&A= purchasing, inventory mgmt, info. mgmt, quality assurance, scheduling, customer service

the strategic coordination of business functions within a business organization and throughout its supply chain for the purpose of integrating supply & demand management

the part of a supply chain involved with the forward and reverse flow of goods, materials, services, cash, and information; mgmt of this includes mgmt of inbound & outbound transportation, material handling, warehousing, inventory, order fulfillment, & the return of goods from customers

the use of electronic technology to facilitate business transactions; applications include internet buying & selling, e-mail, order & shipment tracking, product & service promotion, & providing info. about them

evaluating the sources of supply in terms of price, quality, reputation, & service; also flexibility, location, financial stability, & on-time delivery are factors that could be included

2 or more business organizations that have complementary products or services that would strategically benefit the others agree to join so that each may realize a strategic benefit

the speed at which goods move through a supply chain; the greater this is, the lower the inventory holding costs & the faster orders are filled & goods turned into cash

inventory oscillations (fluctuations can be caused by periodic ordering, reactions to shortages, forecast, inaccuracies, order batching, sales incentives & promotions) become progressively larger looking backward through the supply chain; cause ripple= higher costs & lower customer satisfaction

overseeing the shipment of incoming and outgoing goods; handles schedules & decisions on shipping method & times, taking into account costs of various shipping alternatives, gov't regulations, the needs of org. relative to quantities & timing, & potential shipping delays or disruptions

the outsourcing of logistics management; companies are turning over warehousing & distribution to companies that specialize in these areas

a systematic process for analyzing the purchase of products and services to reduce costs by reducing waste & non-value-added activities, increase profits, reduce risks, & improve supplier performance

the speed at which information is communicated in a supply chain; the faster it flows two-way, the better

the ability to detect & respond to unplanned events such as delayed shipment or a warehouse running low on a certain item

a technique whereby good arriving at a warehouse from a supplier are unloaded from the supplier's truck and immediately loaded onto outbound trucks, thereby avoiding warehouse storage

reducing one or more steps in a supply chain by cutting out one or more intermediaries