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Mollusca and it classes
- Mollusca were rated PG B.C.
- most are shelled and possess a radula (raspy tongue)
- 4 of 7 classes
- Polyplacophora: chitins
- Gastropoda: snails, periwinkles, conchs, slugs
- Bivaria: mussels scallops
- Cephalopoda: most advanced of phylum. lack a shell. Highly developed NS and rapid locomotion (squids)
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Reproduction in Fungi
- most fungi are haploid much of life cycle
- when conditions are adequate--reproduce asexually
- haploid spores in the sporangea of the sporangiophores are carried by air or water until find proper substrata
- when adverse conditions---sexually
- in zygomycota specialized hyphae from two mycelia of diff (+) and (-) types form a conjugated bridge. Each tip becames a gametangium (gamete producing cell) gametes fuse to form a zygote
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Fungilike protists
- Myxomycota (eplasmodial slime molds)
- highly pigmented anoboid cells
- alternate between a multicellular aggregate and individual cells
- Acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds)
- differ in that aggregations phase is multicellular not coenocytic
- Oomycota (water molds, some rust mildews)
- cell walls of cellulose (makes them diff. than true fungi)
- have flagella
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Chlorophyta
- very diverse
- chlorophyll a and c and carotenoids
- algal component of lichens
- ie. chlamydomonas (complex sexual and asexual stages)
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Chrysophyta
- chlorophylls a and c
- Cell walls of hydrated silica
- Includes:
- Diatoms-most numerous, double shell
- golden-brown algae
- yellow-green algae
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Pterophyta
- ferns
- seedless
- most numerous
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Ascomycota
- aka Sac fungi
- ie yeasts, some mildews, ergot, penicillium
- reproductive sac called an ascus formed during the sexual cycle
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Zygomycota
- produce asexual spores a tips of specialized hyphae (sporangiophores) that extend into the air
- persistant zygospores that are formed when haploid gametes fuse under adverse conditions
- under comfortable conditions---diploid zygospore undergoes meiosis and gives rise to a new haploid mycelium
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Solubiliity
hydroxides
- insoluble except
- Alkali metals Ca 2+/Sr 2+/ Ba 2+
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Solubility
metal oxides
- insoluble except:
- Alkali metals and Cao/SrO and BaO
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Light reactions
oxidation of H2O to O2 coupled to reduction of NADP+
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Location of TCA cycle
Mitochondrial matrix
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Pre-TCA
- 2 pyruvates are decarboxylated and added to CoA
- Produces:
- 2 Acetyl CoA
- 2 NADH
- 2 CO2
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Net products for TCA cycle
- 2 GTP
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 4 CO2
- 2 CoA
24 e- total
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TCA intermediate
- CIKSSFMO
- citrate
- isocitrate
- ketoglutamate
- succmyl CoA
- Fumenarte
- Malente
- Oxaloacetate
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Dark reactions
- Fixations of CO2 using ATP and NADPH to make carbs
- 18 ATP and 12 NADPH required for 6 cycles
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3 Kingdoms (Old system)
Monera, plantae, animalia
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Bony fish
- most common fish
- scales lack notochord in adult form
- bony skeleton
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Renin
- produced by kidneys when blood volume falls
- is an enzyme that converts plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin II which stimulates aldosterone release
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Cnidaria (classes and lifecycle)
- Cnidaria has 3 Major classes
- 1. Hydrozoa (hydras)
- 2. Scyphozoa (jellyfish) medusa stage dominates
- 3. Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones) lack medusa stage
- Life cycle: most have a clear cut alternating polyp and medusa stages
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Nitrifying bacteria
takes NH3 to nitrites (NO2) and then to nitrates (NO3-)
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B cell
type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in bone marrow. After encountering antigen B cells differentiate into anti-body secreting plasma cells; the effector cells of humoral immunity
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