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The flashcards below were created by user
JChristie20
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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specialized tissue in the wall of the right atrium the initiates cardiac cycles; the pacemaker
sinoatrial node/ SA node
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specialized mass of cardiac muscle fibers in the interatrial septum of the heart
atrioventricular node/ AV node
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group of specialized fibers that conducts impulses from the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fibers in the ventricular muscle of the heart
atrioventricular bundle
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specialized muscle fibers that conduct the cardiac impulse from the AV bundle into the ventricular wall
Purkinje fibers
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is a recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle
electrocardiogram ECG
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corresponding to depolarization of the atrial fibers that will lead to contraction of the atria
wave
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due to depolarization of the ventricular fibers just prior to the contraction of the ventricular walls
complex
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an irregular heartbeat
arrhythmia
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an abnormally slow heart rate or pulse rate
bradycardia
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abnormally rapid heartbeat
bradycardia
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the normal beating of the heart, as measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG)
sinus rhythm
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is controlled by electrical impulses from the sino-atrial and antrioventriclar nodes
cardiac cycle
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sympathetic branches of the ________ _________ ________ innervate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls
autonomic nervous system
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baroreceptor reflexes of the medulla oblongata maintain balance between inhibitory effects of the parasympathetic fibers
cardiac control center
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excess potassium ions alter the usual polarized state of the cardiac muscle fibers
hyperkalemia
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if the potassium concentration drops below normal that heart may develop a potentially life threatening abnormal rhythm
hypokalemia
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excess calcium ions increases heart action, risking that the heart will undergo a prolonged contraction
hypercalcemia
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low calcium concentration depresses heart action because these ions help initiate muscle contraction
hypocalcemia
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vessel that transports blood from the heart
artery
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small branch of an artery that communicates with a capillary network
arteriole
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a small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule
capillaries
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vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a vein
venule
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vessel taht carries blood toward the heart
vein
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decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction
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increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
vasodilation
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hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through a membrane
filtration
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How are gases and nutrients exchanged in the capillaries?
- diffusion
- filtration
- osmosis
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What helps to maintain the osmotic pressure in the capillaries?
plasma proteins
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Which artery is used to determine the pulse?
radial artery
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volume of blood the ventricle discharges with each heartbeat
stroke volume
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the volume of blood per minute that the heart pumps
cardiac output
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How is cardiac output calculated?
multiply stroke colume in mL by the heartrate in beats per minute
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How does blood volume affect blood pressure?
any change in blood volume will directly alter blood pressure
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the sum of the formed elements and plasma volumes in the vascular system
blood volume
5 liters
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friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels produces a force calls
peripheral resistance
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tendency for a fluid to resist flowing due to the internal friction of its molecules
viscosity
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amount of blood returning to the ventircles
venous return
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How is blood pressure controlled?
by mechanisms that regulate cardiac output and peripheral resistance
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the relationship between fiber length due to stretching of the cardiac muscle cell just before contraction and force of contraction is called
Starling Law
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What is the function of the baroreceptor?
can detect changes in blood pressure
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elevated blood pressure
hypertension
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low blood pressure
hypotension
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How is blood moved through the veins?
- skeletal muscle contraction
- breathing movements
- vasoconstriction of veins
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prevent blood from flowing back and pooling in the lower extremities due to the effects of gravity
venous valves
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the pressure in the right atrium from the veins draining into it
central venous pressure
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system of blood vessels that carries blood between the heart and the lungs
pulmonary circut
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vessels that conduct blood between the heart and all body tissues except the lungs
systemic circuit
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What vessels arise from the aortic arch?
- brachiocephalic arch
- common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
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What vessels branch from the thoracic aorta?
- bronchial, pericardial, and esophageal arteries
- mediastinal arteries
- posterior intercostal arteries
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What vessels branch from the abdominal aorta?
- celiac artery
- phrenic arteries
- superior mesenteric
- supraenal arteries
- renal arteries
- gonadal arteries
- inferior mesenteric artery
- lumbar arteries
- middle sacral artery
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Which veins return blood to the right atrium?
superior and inferior vena cava
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Describe what happens to the CVS during the aging process
incidence of disease of the heart and blood vessels increases with age
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severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle
angina pectoris
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inherited overgrowth of the heart muscle
familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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in which the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body
congestive heart failure CHF
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