Anti-inflammatory 1

  1. All inflammation is harmful and should be prevented. True or false?
    false. inflammation is part of the normal healing process
  2. What are some of the protective and healing effects of inflammation?
    • increases blood supply to the affected area - dilute and immobilizes the cause of inflammation
    • draws WBC's to the area - segs and macrophages (phagocytes) and lymphocytes (part of the immune system).
  3. What are the 5 signs of inflammation?
    • pain (dolor)
    • heat (calor)
    • redness (rubor)
    • swelling (tumor)
    • loss of function
  4. When should inflammation be treated? What types of inflammatory conditions are commonly treated with anti-inflammatory drugs?
    • when it is inappropriate or excessive, causes pain and tissue damage
    • arthritis, allergies, autoimmune disease
  5. In what ways can a fever be beneficial to a patient?
    heat inactivation of invading microorganisms, can also speed up chemical reactions in the patient's body.
  6. What is a "pyrogen"?
    a substance that can cause a fever in a patient.
  7. What do "exogenous" and "endogenous" mean?
    • exogenus - from outside the patient's body
    • endogenus - from inside the body
  8. Are fevers usually controlled with NSAIDs or glucocorticoids?
    NSAIDs
  9. How do anti-inflammatory drugs act?
    block perception of pain and decrease tissue damage due to inflammation by blocking part of the inflammatory pathway.
  10. What are the 2 main classes of anti-inflammatory drugs?
    glucocorticoids and NSAIDs - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  11. In general, what do we mean by the "inflammatory pathway"?
    when the patient's tissue is damaged in some way - trauma, burns, radiation, infection, etc - cell structures are exposed and acted on by enzymes, and broke down into compounds which cause inflammation
  12. Be familiar with the arachidonic acid pathway.
    • phospholipids cell membranes are disrupted by tissue damage, so that the phosopolipase enzymes can "get at" the phospholipids and break them down - one of the compounds formed is arachidonic acid.
    • arachidonic acid can be either broken down or COX (cyclooxygenase) - to form prostaglandins and thromboxanes, or by LOX (lipoxygenase) to form leukotrienes
  13. What do we call the inflammatory substances that are produced by the breakdown of arachidonic acid?
    eicosanoids
  14. List 3 eicosanoids.
    • prostaglandins
    • thromboxanes
    • leukotrienes
  15. Are these 3 eicosanoids the only compounds produced in the body that can cause inflammation?
    no - there are others, such as histamine
  16. Different prostaglandins have different functions in different parts of the body. What do inflammatory prostaglandins do?
    cause inflammation (musculo-skeletal system)
  17. What do GI prostaglandins do?
    are protective - cause increased fluid secretion into stomach, increased mucus production, decreased HCl production in stomach
  18. What do reproductive prostaglandins do?
    cause lysis of CL - corpus luteum
  19. What do renal prostaglandins do?
    renal COX 1 prostaglandins counteract vasoconstriction, allow vasodialtion of the renal blood supply - protective.
  20. What do lung prostaglandins do?
    beneficial - help to maintain bronchodilation
  21. Cyclooxygenase comes in 2 forms (so far). In general, what do COX 1 and COX 2 do?
    • COX 1 in the GI system forms "good" protective GI prostaglandins
    • COX 2 forms "bad" inflammatory prostaglandins
  22. How do glucocorticoids work?
    by blocking phospholipase (and some depression of cyclooxygenase) to prevent or reduce the formation of eicosanoids - prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
  23. How do NSAIDs - non=steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - work?
    by blocking COX - cyclooxygenase to prevent or reduce the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. some NSAIDs also block LOX - lipoxygenase and thuse prevent or reduce formation of leukotrienes also.
  24. Do all "steroids" anti-inflammatory?
    no
  25. Are steroids water or lipid soluble?
    lipid soluble
  26. What are "corticosteroids"?
    steroid compounds formed in the adrenal cortex
  27. List the 3 types of corticosteroids.
    • glucocorticoids
    • mineralocorticoids
    • gonadal steroids
  28. Name 1 mineralocorticoid naturally formed in the body.
    aldosterone
  29. What disease is caused by lack of aldosterone?
    Addison's disease - hypoadrenocorticism, high K, low Na.
  30. What drug can be used to treat Addison's disease?
    desoxycorticosterone - Percorten - V
  31. Give 3 examples of gondal steroids.
    • estrogens
    • androgens (testosterone)
    • progesterone
  32. Briefly, what are "glucocorticoids"?
    glucocorticoids are the "anti-inflammatory steroids" that happen to be named after their influence on glucose metabolism.
  33. Briefly describe how the body regulates production of glucocorticoids.
    • hypothalamus detects low blood levels of glucocorticoids.
    • hypothalamus releases CRF - corticotrophin releasing factor - which causes the pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - ACTH travels to adrenal cortex, causes it to produce glucocorticoids (cortisol) - glucocoritcoid blood levels rise - hypothalamus detects this, stops releasing CRF
  34. Can stress have any effect on glucocorticoid blood levels?
    yes - stress can cause CRF release by the hypothalamus
  35. List the effects of glucocorticoid in the patient's body.
    • anti-inflammatory
    • anti-pruritic
    • inhibit fibroblasts
    • glucose metabolism
    • catabolic
    • Na and water retention
    • PU/PD
    • polyphagia and weight gain
    • induce parturition
    • immunosuppressive
    • inhibits "good" GI prostaglandins
    • stress leukogram
  36. Is it possible for large doses of glucocorticoids to delay healing in the patient?
    yes
  37. What effect can topical glucocorticoids have on a corneal scratch or ulcer?
    may make it much worse by breaking down the protein exposed in the cornea. may cause perforation
  38. Is glucocorticoid administration helpful or harmful to patient with pulmonary edema?
    can be harmful - glucocorticoids cause the patient to retain sodium and water, which can make pulmonary edema worse
  39. Glucocorticoids are used to treat what conditions?
    • allergies
    • musculoskeletal inflammation
    • shock/toxemia
    • laminitis
    • Addison's disease
    • autoimmune disease
    • lymphocytic neoplasms
  40. How can we cause iatrogenic Cushing's disease?
    hyperadrenocorticism - by giving too much glucocorticoids for too long. usually overdoing "allergy shots"
  41. How can we cause iatrogenic Addison's disease?
    hypoadrenocorticism - by giving steriods long enough to trigger long-term negative feedback - the hypothalamus detects plenty of glucocoritcoids, stops sending out CRF, so the pituitary stops releasing ACTH, so the adrenal cortex is not stimulated to produce glucocorticoids, so the adrenal cortex atrophies. then, we abruptly stop giving glucocorticoids, the patient cannot make any, and he has an Addisonian crisis and may die
  42. When we have had a patient on glucocorticoid therapy, is it best to stop the drug abruptly, or to wean the patient off of it gradually?
    wean off gradually - to prevent the above scenario
  43. What are the 3 classifications of glucocorticoids?
    • short-acting (less than 12 hours)
    • intermediate-acting (12-36 hours)
    • long-acting (over 48 hours)
  44. List 2 short-acting glucocorticoids. Which one is used the most, and why?
    • hydrocortisone, cortisone.
    • hydrocortisone is used the most - it is the active form
    • cortisone is not active, and has to be converted by the liver to hydrocortisone to be active
  45. List 5 intermediate-acting glucocorticoids.
    • the 4 "preds"
    • prednisone
    • prednisolone-Solu-Delta-Cortef
    • methylprednisolone
    • isoflupredone
    • triamcinolone-Vetalog
  46. Which has more activity - prednisone or prednisolone?
    prednisolone (liver converts prenisone to prednisolone)
  47. List 4 long-acting glucocorticoids.
    • "the methasones"
    • dexamethasone - Azium, Tresaderm
    • betamethasone
    • flumethasone
    • paramethasone
  48. What injectable formulations are glucocorticoids available as?
    • aqueous solution
    • alcohol solutions
    • suspensions
  49. Are glucocorticoid solutions clear or opaque? Do they need to be shaken before administration? Can they be given IV?
    • clear
    • no shaking
    • yes - IV
  50. What are the advantages of aqueous solutions of glucocorticoids?
    can give IV - large amounts rapidly - for emergency purposes
  51. What salts are glucocorticoids combined with to make the water soluble?
    • sodium phosphate
    • sodium succinate
  52. Give 2 examples of aqueous glucocorticoids.
    • dexamethasone Na phosphate - Azium
    • prednisolone Na succinate - Solu-Delta-Cortef
  53. Do we need to attach glucocorticoids to salts to make them dissolve in alcohol?
    no
  54. Are glucocorticoid suspensions clear or opaque? Do they need to be shaken before administration? Can they be given IV?
    • opaque
    • yes shaking
    • no IV
  55. What forms do glucocorticoid suspensions come in?
    • acetate
    • diacetate
    • privalate
    • acetonide
    • valerate
  56. Why are glucocoriticoid suspenstions long-acting (repository) forms?
    the drug is in a crystal form, given IM, takes time for the crystal to dissolve and be absorbed
  57. If methylprednisolone is an intermediate-acting glucocorticoid, why is methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol) a long-acting drug?
    the actetate crystal suspension form is long-acting
  58. What precautions do we need to take when storing glucocorticoid suspensions, and why?
    avoid extreme temperatures - this causes larger crystals to be formed, which are more irritating when injected IM, and take longer to dissolve and be absorbed
  59. Who tolerate glucocorticoid administration better - dogs or cats?
    cats
  60. Why do we have to be careful when administering glucocorticoids?
    prevent iatrogenic Cushing's disease
  61. Describe safe use of glucocorticoids?
    • avoid if possible
    • use smallest dose possible
    • reduce dose as patient improves
    • use alternate-day dosing
    • avoid frequent use of repository form
    • wean patient off of glucocorticoids gradually
Author
kris10leejmu
ID
147718
Card Set
Anti-inflammatory 1
Description
Pharmacology
Updated