Respiratory.txt

The respiratory system has __________ basic functions.

Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the respiratory system?

The __________ carries trapped particles and mucus toward the pharynx.

Mucus produced in goblet cells and filtration in the nasal passages, bronchi, and bronchioles form the __________, which protects the delicate exchange surfaces.

Which of the following is a part of the upper respiratory system?
pharynx
internal nares
paranasal sinuses
nasal passages

There are __________ pairs of nasal conchae.

Air enters the nasal passages through the

There are __________ regions of the pharynx.

The oropharynx

The superior part of the pharynx is the

The large, unpaired cartilages in the larynx are the

The superior of two pairs of folds found in the larynx are called the

Sound production at the larynx is called

The intrinsic laryngeal musculature

The trachealis is

The carina is

There are __________ lobes in the right lung and __________ lobes in the left lung.

The walls of the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi contain progressively __________ amounts of cartilage and __________ amounts of smooth muscle.

The primary bronchi divide to form secondary bronchi, also known as __________ bronchi.

Approximately __________ terminal bronchioles are supplied by each tertiary bronchus.

Sympathetic stimulation leads to __________ of the bronchioles.

Parasympathetic stimulation leads to __________ of the bronchioles.

Each lung contains about __________ alveoli, giving the lungs a spongy appearance.

Respiratory bronchioles connect to alveoli through

The lining of the alveolus is coated with an oily secretion called

Particles that reach the alveoli are consumed by

Surfactant

The respiratory membrane consists of __________ parts.

The innermost layer of the respiratory membrane adjacent to the inspired air is

Alveolar capillaries are primary sources of

If you increase the volume of a gas, the pressure

All the partial pressures of a gas added together are __________ the pressure exerted by the gas mixture.

Pressure differences __________ the movement of gas molecules into and out of solution.

Because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs, __________ oxygen should dissolve in the blood __________.

The most important inspiratory respiratory muscle(s) is (are) the

The rectus abdominis and other abdominal muscles play __________ role in forced exhalation.

Contraction of the diaphragm __________ the intrapulmonary pressure, producing __________.

The tidal volume is

Pulmonary ventilation is

Tidal volume averages

Alveolar ventilation is

Vital capacity in males averages

Residual volume averages __________ in males.

Total lung volume in males averages

Combined alveolar surface area at peak inspiration is about

Alveolar Po2 averages __________ mm Hg, while the pulmonary capillary Po2 averages __________ mm Hg.

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries averages __________ mm Hg, while alveolar pressures are __________ mm Hg.

Lower pH __________ the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.

Adult hemoglobin has an oxygen affinity __________ that of fetal hemoglobin.

__________ percent of the carbon dioxide molecules in venous blood are bound to hemoglobin.

The homeostatic mechanisms involved in maintaining the delivery and removal of respiratory gases are

As blood flows toward the alveoli, it is directed toward lobules in which the Po2 is

When Pco2 declines, bronchioles

The respiratory centers of the brain are located in the

The pneumotaxic and apneustic centers __________ the respiratory rhythmicity centers.

Respiratory reflexes are modified by

The Hering-Breuer reflexes include the

All of the carbon dioxide from the tissues binds to and is transported by hemoglobin to the lungs.

Contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity and leads to expiration.

According to the relationship known as Boyle's law, as the volume of the lungs increases the pressure of the gas in the lungs _____

Diaphragmatic breathing is also known as deep breathing, while costal breathing is also referred to as _____ breathing.

Most of the oxygen in the blood is carried bound to _____ molecules.

The term chloride shift refers to the exchange of extracellular chloride ions for intracellular _____ ions across the membrane of a red blood cell.

A condition of ventilation known as ______ will gradually lead to hypocapnia.

The cricoid cartilage can be felt in the neck and it is commonly called the Adam's apple.

The diaphragm is the only muscle involved in respiration.

The level of surfactant production is important to the compliance of the lungs.

Chemoreceptors on the ventrolateral surface of the medulla respond to changes in the

The Hering-Breuer reflexes protect against

Which of the following organs or structures is uppermost in the respiratory system?

The largest of the laryngeal cartilages which form most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx is the

Each of the following factors affects the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal cords except one. Identify the exception.
length of the vocal cords
tension in the vocal cords
diameter of the vocal cords
age of the vocal cords

Each of the following is part of the respiratory membrane except one. Identify the exception.

Each of the following is part of the process of external respiration except one. Identify the exception.

Which of these is not a reason why gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient?
the total surface area is large.
the gases are water soluble.
blood flow and airflow are coordinated.the differences in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane are substantial.
the distances involved are small.

An example of a local factor that regulates gas transport and alveolar function would be

Which of the following statements concerning respiratory centers in the brain is incorrect?
There is reciprocal inhibition between the neurons involved with inhalation and exhalation.
The apneustic center provides continual stimulation to the dorsal regulatory group.
Brain centers controlling respiration are found only in the medulla oblongata.
The basic pattern of respiration reflects the cyclic interaction between the dorsal regulatory group (DRG) and the ventral regulatory group (VRG).

Wich respiratory volume represents the amount of air you move in and out of your lungs during quiet breathing?

Which of these values would you expect to decrease in an individual with asthma or pneumonia?
Expiratory reserve volume
More than one of these choices would be affected by asthma or pneumonia.
Vital capacity
Minimal volume

Arrange the following airways into the order that air would pass through going from the larynx to the alveoli.

IRV

ERV

Vital capacity

Total lung capacity

Residual volume

Resting tidal volume

Dalton's Law

Partial pressure

Henry's law

Pressure laws

The primary functions of the respiratory system are

The "patrol force" of the alveolar epithelium involved with phagocytosis is comprised primarily of:

The difference between the true and false vocal cords is that the false vocal cords:

Structures in the trachea that prevent its collapse or overexpansion as pressures change in the respiratory system are the:

If food particles or liquids manage to touch the surfaces of the ventricular or vocal folds the:

The trachea allows for the passage of large masses of food through the esophagus due to:

Dilation and relaxation of the bronchioles are possible because of the presence of:

The serous membrane in contact with the lung is the:

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluid and the external environment is:

Breathing, which involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs is:

Air enters the respiratory passageways when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the:

During inspiration there will be an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and a(n):

During expiration there is a(n):

A necessary feature for normal gas exchange in the alveoli is:

When the partial pressure difference is greater across the respiratory membrane, the rate of gas diffusion is:

The efficiency of pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary circulation occurs because:

If the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveolus, O2 will diffuse:

Each molecule of hemoglobin has the capacity to carry __________ atoms of oxygen (O2).

What percentage of total oxygen (O2) is carried within red blood cells chemically bound to hemoglobin?

Each hemoglobin molecule consists of:

When each hemoglobin molecule binds with four molecules of oxygen, the end product is:

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by:

An elevated body temperature will:

The initiation of inspiration originates with discharge of DRG neurons in the:

Reflexes important in regulating the forced ventilations that accompany strenuous exercise are known as the:

The paranasal sinuses include:

A rise in arterial Pco2 elevates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) carbon dioxide levels and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce:

The primary function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate:

The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to:

When the lungs are in the resting position, the factor that opposes their collapse is:

If a person is stabbed in the chest and the thoracic wall is punctured but the lung is not penetrated:

The most important factor determining airway resistance is:

The sympathetic division of the ANS causes __________ of airway smooth muscle; therefore, resistance is __________.

The substance administered during an asthmatic attack to decrease resistance via airway dilation is:

Decreased amounts of CO2 concentrations in the bronchioles cause:

The volume of alveolar air and capillary blood in the right proportion to each alveolus produces:

If a person is breathing 15 times a minute and has a tidal volume of 500 ml, the total minute respiratory volume is:

The residual volume is the volume of air:

The maximum amount of air moved in and out during a single breath is:

If a person is breathing 12 times per minute and the tidal volume is 500 ml, what is the alveolar ventilation rate?

The most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation is:

In "respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn," the administering of adrenal steroid serves to:

The partial pressure of O2 at sea level is:

It is important that free H+ resulting from dissociation of H2CO3 combine with hemoglobin to reduce the possibility of:

In the pulmonary capillaries the bicarbonate ion is always returned to the:

If you desired to control the rate of respiration voluntarily you might:

One of the early symptoms of emphysema is:

As the number of molecules of gas dissolved in a liquid increases:

Movement of air into and out of the lungs is accomplished by the process of __________, while all movement of gases across membranes is by __________.

The correct sequential transport of O2 from the tissue capillaries to O2 consumption in cells is: