The respiratory system has __________ basic functions.
five
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the respiratory system?
removing waste products from the blood
The __________ carries trapped particles and mucus toward the pharynx.
mucus escalator
Mucus produced in goblet cells and filtration in the nasal passages, bronchi, and bronchioles form the __________, which protects the delicate exchange surfaces.
respiratory defense system
Which of the following is a part of the upper respiratory system? pharynx internal nares paranasal sinuses nasal passages
pharynx
There are __________ pairs of nasal conchae.
three
Air enters the nasal passages through the
external nares.
There are __________ regions of the pharynx.
three
The oropharynx
extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue.
The superior part of the pharynx is the
nasopharynx.
The large, unpaired cartilages in the larynx are the
thyroid
The superior of two pairs of folds found in the larynx are called the
ventricular folds.
Sound production at the larynx is called
phonation.
The intrinsic laryngeal musculature
regulates tension in the vocal folds.
opens and closes the glottis.
The trachealis is
a band of smooth muscle connecting the ends of tracheal cartilages.
The carina is
a ridge marking the origin of the bronchi.
There are __________ lobes in the right lung and __________ lobes in the left lung.
three, two
The walls of the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi contain progressively __________ amounts of cartilage and __________ amounts of smooth muscle.
lesser, greater
The primary bronchi divide to form secondary bronchi, also known as __________ bronchi.
lobar
Approximately __________ terminal bronchioles are supplied by each tertiary bronchus.
6500
Sympathetic stimulation leads to __________ of the bronchioles.
dilation
Parasympathetic stimulation leads to __________ of the bronchioles.
constriction
Each lung contains about __________ alveoli, giving the lungs a spongy appearance.
150 million
Respiratory bronchioles connect to alveoli through
alveolar ducts.
The lining of the alveolus is coated with an oily secretion called
surfactant.
Particles that reach the alveoli are consumed by
macrophages.
dust cells.
AKA alveolar macrophages
Surfactant
decreases surface tension.
The respiratory membrane consists of __________ parts.
three
The innermost layer of the respiratory membrane adjacent to the inspired air is
squamous epithelia of alveoli.
Alveolar capillaries are primary sources of
angiotensin-converting enzyme.
If you increase the volume of a gas, the pressure
decreases.
All the partial pressures of a gas added together are __________ the pressure exerted by the gas mixture.
equal to
Pressure differences __________ the movement of gas molecules into and out of solution.
affect
Because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs, __________ oxygen should dissolve in the blood __________.
more, more rapidly
The most important inspiratory respiratory muscle(s) is (are) the
diaphragm.
external intercostals.
The rectus abdominis and other abdominal muscles play __________ role in forced exhalation.
an important
Contraction of the diaphragm __________ the intrapulmonary pressure, producing __________.
decreases, inhalation
The tidal volume is
the amount of air moving into or out of the lungs at rest in a single respiratory cycle.
Pulmonary ventilation is
the amount of air entering the lungs in one minute.
Tidal volume averages
500 ml.
Alveolar ventilation is
the amount of air reaching the alveoli in one minute.
Vital capacity in males averages
4.8 liters.
Residual volume averages __________ in males.
1.2 liters.
Total lung volume in males averages
500 ml.
Combined alveolar surface area at peak inspiration is about
140 square meters.
Alveolar Po2 averages __________ mm Hg, while the pulmonary capillary Po2 averages __________ mm Hg.
100, 40
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries averages __________ mm Hg, while alveolar pressures are __________ mm Hg.
45, 40
Lower pH __________ the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
decreases
Adult hemoglobin has an oxygen affinity __________ that of fetal hemoglobin.
lower than
__________ percent of the carbon dioxide molecules in venous blood are bound to hemoglobin.
Twenty-three
The homeostatic mechanisms involved in maintaining the delivery and removal of respiratory gases are
local exchanges in blood flow and delivery.
variations in the rate and depth of respirations.
As blood flows toward the alveoli, it is directed toward lobules in which the Po2 is
relatively high.
When Pco2 declines, bronchioles
constrict.
The respiratory centers of the brain are located in the
pons.
medulla oblongata.
The pneumotaxic and apneustic centers __________ the respiratory rhythmicity centers.
adjust the output of
Respiratory reflexes are modified by
stretch receptors found in the lungs.
chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2 and O2 levels.
pressoreceptors in the aorta and carotid sinuses.
The Hering-Breuer reflexes include the
deflation reflex.
inflation reflex.
All of the carbon dioxide from the tissues binds to and is transported by hemoglobin to the lungs.
False
Contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity and leads to expiration.
False
According to the relationship known as Boyle's law, as the volume of the lungs increases the pressure of the gas in the lungs _____
decreases
Diaphragmatic breathing is also known as deep breathing, while costal breathing is also referred to as _____ breathing.
shallow
Most of the oxygen in the blood is carried bound to _____ molecules.
hemoglobin
The term chloride shift refers to the exchange of extracellular chloride ions for intracellular _____ ions across the membrane of a red blood cell.
bicarbonate
A condition of ventilation known as ______ will gradually lead to hypocapnia.
hyperventilation
The cricoid cartilage can be felt in the neck and it is commonly called the Adam's apple.
False
The diaphragm is the only muscle involved in respiration.
False
The level of surfactant production is important to the compliance of the lungs.
True
Chemoreceptors on the ventrolateral surface of the medulla respond to changes in the
pH and secondarily pCO2.
The Hering-Breuer reflexes protect against
overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing.
Which of the following organs or structures is uppermost in the respiratory system?
pharynx
The largest of the laryngeal cartilages which form most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx is the
thyroid cartilage.
Each of the following factors affects the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal cords except one. Identify the exception. length of the vocal cords tension in the vocal cords diameter of the vocal cords age of the vocal cords
age of the vocal cords
Each of the following is part of the respiratory membrane except one. Identify the exception.
the interstitial space between the alveolus and the closest capillary
Each of the following is part of the process of external respiration except one. Identify the exception.
gas absorption and release by living cells
Which of these is not a reason why gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient? the total surface area is large.
the gases are water soluble.
blood flow and airflow are coordinated.the differences in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane are substantial.
the distances involved are small.
the gases are water soluble.
An example of a local factor that regulates gas transport and alveolar function would be
changes in lung perfusion.
Which of the following statements concerning respiratory centers in the brain is incorrect? There is reciprocal inhibition between the neurons involved with inhalation and exhalation.
The apneustic center provides continual stimulation to the dorsal regulatory group.
Brain centers controlling respiration are found only in the medulla oblongata.
The basic pattern of respiration reflects the cyclic interaction between the dorsal regulatory group (DRG) and the ventral regulatory group (VRG).
Brain centers controlling respiration are found only in the medulla oblongata.
Wich respiratory volume represents the amount of air you move in and out of your lungs during quiet breathing?
Tidal volume
Which of these values would you expect to decrease in an individual with asthma or pneumonia? Expiratory reserve volume More than one of these choices would be affected by asthma or pneumonia. Vital capacity Minimal volume
More than one of these choices would be affected by asthma or pneumonia.
Arrange the following airways into the order that air would pass through going from the larynx to the alveoli.
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
IRV
The amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after a normal quiet respiratory cycle
ERV
The amount of air the can be forcibly expelled after a normal quiet respiratory cycle
Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle
Total lung capacity
VC + residual volume
Residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation
Resting tidal volume
The amount of air moving into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions
Dalton's Law
Each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance
Partial pressure
The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases
Henry's law
The amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
Pressure laws
The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the size of the container in which it is held.
The primary functions of the respiratory system are
to move air to and from the exchange surfaces
to provide an area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
to protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration and environmental variations
The "patrol force" of the alveolar epithelium involved with phagocytosis is comprised primarily of:
alveolar macrophages
The difference between the true and false vocal cords is that the false vocal cords:
play no part in sound production
Structures in the trachea that prevent its collapse or overexpansion as pressures change in the respiratory system are the:
C-shaped tracheal cartilages
If food particles or liquids manage to touch the surfaces of the ventricular or vocal folds the:
coughing reflex will be triggered
The trachea allows for the passage of large masses of food through the esophagus due to:
the C-shaped tracheal cartilages
Dilation and relaxation of the bronchioles are possible because of the presence of:
bands of smooth muscle encircling the lumen
The serous membrane in contact with the lung is the:
visceral pleura
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluid and the external environment is:
external respiration
Breathing, which involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs is:
pulmonary ventilation
Air enters the respiratory passageways when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the:
atmospheric pressure
During inspiration there will be an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and a(n):