Immunity notes.txt

• Barriers to Entry
• Physical Barriers
• Chemical Barriers
• Resident Bacteria

• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Cilia

• Oil
• Sweat
• Saliva
• urine
• Secretions

Normal bacteria we have and need to be alive

• Heat
• Redness
• Swelling
• Pain
• Loss of Function

• Tissue Injury ? Histamine Release ? Increased blood flow
• Histamine cause blood vessel to dilate
• Dilated blood vessels increases blood flow to the area, causes it to get warmer
• Increased bloow flow turns the area red
• Blood vessel starts leaking fluid
• Fluid leaks out ? White Blood Cells diapdesis Platelets ? Clotting
• Phagocytes (neutrophils and macophages) eat debris and bacteria
• Loss of function due to swelling

• Another plasma protein system
• Have it because its going to lead to membrane attack complex

Lipid bilayer creates circles with the C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9s, and forms and creates a circle on the surface of the membrane of the pathogen

• Activated when virus goes to nucleus of cell
• Can only prevent from pathogens, cannot kill an already infected cell
• Stimulates cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins
• Antiviral proteins block viral reproduction

• Target=molecule that immune system recognizes as foreign. It is the antigen. Foreign invader.
• Special forces
• Targets antigens
• Depends on lymphocyte action

Types of lymphocytes

• B Cell Receptors + Specific antigen ? activated B cell
• activated splits into two cells
• Plasma Cells ? is an activated B cell
• Plasma cells make antibodies
• Memory Cells ? is an activated B cell
• Memory Cells stick around for life in case antigen shows up again

• Pre-programmed cell suicide
• ex) babies webbed fingers. Those cells died off in apoptosis

• Y-shaped structures
• AG-Antigen
• AB-antibody

• Ab reacts with Ag and coats completely, neutralizing it
• Ab coating makes it easier for Ag to be seen and engulfed
• Ab forms complex with Ag which attracts White Blood Cells

• 1. B Lymphocytes...
• 2. ...gives rise to plasma cell, which secretes antibodies
• 3. Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria, marking the bacteria for destruction
• 4. Antibody-coating bacteria are avidly phagocytized

• T cell receptor can't recognize antigen without help
• Macrophage engulfs Ag
• Antigen Presenting Cell � takes antigen and puts part of it on its surface so T-cell can recognize it, and the T-cell can bind to the antigen presenting cell
• T-Cell activated

• Cytotoxic T-Cell
• Helper T-Cell

• Toxic to the cell
• Cell is going to die

• 1. T Lymphocyte...
• 2. Binds to target cell, secretes proteins that lyse the cell's membrane, and signals the cell to die
• 3. T Lymphocyte detaches and
• 4. Target cell dies by apoptosis

• Make memory T-cells
• T cells tell B cells to start going, and then tells to stop

IgG takes longest to start working

• IgG works sooner and more
• Much faster response and much stronger response

• Not born with it
• Active Immunity
• Passive Immunity

Where the body makes its own antibodies. Given the immunization through a vaccine (which is the antigen which causes the antibodies response. Can be alive, dead, or accommodate DNA)

• Ready-made antibodies. Give you the antibodies
• Ex) Breast milk for the babies, because the babies are not able to make their own antibodies sufficiently.
• Prevents them from getting sick

• Once exposed, will make lot of antibodies
• IgE attaches to Mast Cell (basophil, granules pre-filled with histamine)
• When encountered again, IgE mast cell binds to antibody-coated
• Mast cell releases chemicals (histamine) ? symptoms

• Immune system attacks the body itself
• Recognizes something in you as foreign when it is not foreign
• Can test by seeing if there are antibodies against something there shouldn't be antibodies against
• Affect any part of the body