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Immunity
- Barriers to Entry
- Physical Barriers
- Chemical Barriers
- Resident Bacteria
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Physical Barriers
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
- Cilia
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Chemical Barriers
- Oil
- Sweat
- Saliva
- urine
- Secretions
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Resident Bacteria
Normal bacteria we have and need to be alive
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Inflammation
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of Function
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Inflammatory Response
- Tissue Injury ? Histamine Release ? Increased blood flow
- Histamine cause blood vessel to dilate
- Dilated blood vessels increases blood flow to the area, causes it to get warmer
- Increased bloow flow turns the area red
- Blood vessel starts leaking fluid
- Fluid leaks out ? White Blood Cells diapdesis Platelets ? Clotting
- Phagocytes (neutrophils and macophages) eat debris and bacteria
- Loss of function due to swelling
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Complement
- Another plasma protein system
- Have it because its going to lead to membrane attack complex
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Membrane Attack Complex
Lipid bilayer creates circles with the C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9s, and forms and creates a circle on the surface of the membrane of the pathogen
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Interferon
- Activated when virus goes to nucleus of cell
- Can only prevent from pathogens, cannot kill an already infected cell
- Stimulates cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins
- Antiviral proteins block viral reproduction
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Special Defenses
- Target=molecule that immune system recognizes as foreign. It is the antigen. Foreign invader.
- Special forces
- Targets antigens
- Depends on lymphocyte action
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B Cell and T Cell
Types of lymphocytes
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B Cells: Antibody Mediated Immunity
- B Cell Receptors + Specific antigen ? activated B cell
- activated splits into two cells
- Plasma Cells ? is an activated B cell
- Plasma cells make antibodies
- Memory Cells ? is an activated B cell
- Memory Cells stick around for life in case antigen shows up again
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Apoptosis
- Pre-programmed cell suicide
- ex) babies webbed fingers. Those cells died off in apoptosis
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Antibody Structure
- Y-shaped structures
- AG-Antigen
- AB-antibody
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Examples of Ab-Ag Reactions
- Ab reacts with Ag and coats completely, neutralizing it
- Ab coating makes it easier for Ag to be seen and engulfed
- Ab forms complex with Ag which attracts White Blood Cells
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Antibody Mediated Immunity
- 1. B Lymphocytes...
- 2. ...gives rise to plasma cell, which secretes antibodies
- 3. Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria, marking the bacteria for destruction
- 4. Antibody-coating bacteria are avidly phagocytized
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T Cells: Cell mediated Immunity
- T cell receptor can't recognize antigen without help
- Macrophage engulfs Ag
- Antigen Presenting Cell � takes antigen and puts part of it on its surface so T-cell can recognize it, and the T-cell can bind to the antigen presenting cell
- T-Cell activated
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T-cell subtypes
- Cytotoxic T-Cell
- Helper T-Cell
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Cytotoxic T Cell
- Toxic to the cell
- Cell is going to die
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Cytotoxic T Cell in Action
- 1. T Lymphocyte...
- 2. Binds to target cell, secretes proteins that lyse the cell's membrane, and signals the cell to die
- 3. T Lymphocyte detaches and
- 4. Target cell dies by apoptosis
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Helper T-Cells affect B cell action
- Make memory T-cells
- T cells tell B cells to start going, and then tells to stop
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Primary Immune Response
IgG takes longest to start working
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Secondary Immune Response
- IgG works sooner and more
- Much faster response and much stronger response
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Acquired Immunity
- Not born with it
- Active Immunity
- Passive Immunity
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Active Immunity
Where the body makes its own antibodies. Given the immunization through a vaccine (which is the antigen which causes the antibodies response. Can be alive, dead, or accommodate DNA)
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Passive Immunity
- Ready-made antibodies. Give you the antibodies
- Ex) Breast milk for the babies, because the babies are not able to make their own antibodies sufficiently.
- Prevents them from getting sick
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Seasonal Allergies
- Once exposed, will make lot of antibodies
- IgE attaches to Mast Cell (basophil, granules pre-filled with histamine)
- When encountered again, IgE mast cell binds to antibody-coated
- Mast cell releases chemicals (histamine) ? symptoms
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Auto-Immune Disease
- Immune system attacks the body itself
- Recognizes something in you as foreign when it is not foreign
- Can test by seeing if there are antibodies against something there shouldn't be antibodies against
- Affect any part of the body
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