Loren Bio 1

organisms that depend on outside sources for food.

convert nutrients into energy without air

they feed themselves (use solar energy to make the energy)

feed themselves without oxygen (chemosynthetic bacteria)

feed themselves WITH oxygen (green plants and photoplankton)

Need to be fed...don't use oxygen (yeasts)

Need to be fed...use oxygen (humans, worms, amoebas)

No carbon....salts, HCl etc etc

made by living systems and contain carbon (include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

the colorless stuff comprising the living part of a cell....cytoplasm, nucleus etc

• 1. all living things have cells
• 2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
• 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
• 4. Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA.

the differentiation of two closely situated objects

Bacteria

Protists, fungi, plants, animals

• controls activities of the cell...including cell division
• surrounded by nuclear membrane
• contains DNA
• Contains Nucleolus (with ribosomal RNA synthesis)

Sites of protein production and synthesized by the nucleolus.

• it's a network of membrane enclosed spaces
• transports materials (especially secretable materials)

it receives vesicles from the smooth ER, modifies it, repackages it into vesicles and distributes it to the cell surface by exocytosis

• the site of aerobic respiration within the cell
• supplier of energy

• the liquid part of the cell
• Cyclosis (the way stuff moves in the cell)

membrane bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.

• a specialized microtubule that's involved in spindle organization during cell division.
• it's in the "centrosome"
• plants don't have them

membrane bound contains hydrolytic enzymes used in digestion in the cells

• it's composed of microtubules and microfilaments
• gives mechanical support, shape, and function

the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients (from high to low)

the diffusion of water from low solute concentration to high concentration (to dilute the solute)

there's more solute compared to the other one

there's less solute compared to the other one.

the solute concentration is the same on both sides

net movement of particles through special channels or carrier proteins. No energy required.

net movement of dissolved particles against concentration (requires energy and transport proteins)

the movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.

• 1. Brownian movement
• 2. Cyclosis or streaming
• 3. Endoplasmic reticulum (it has channels through the cytoplasm)

• lower activation energy
• increase the reaction rate
• doesn't affect the overall delta G
• isn't changed or consumed in reaction

yes

The molecule that the enzyme reacts with

Where the substrate and the enzyme bind

Yes

• 1. Temperature
• 2. pH
• 3. Concentration of enzyme and substrate

yes

yes

a nonprotein molecule that helps make certain enzymes active

the converting of the sun's energy into chemical energy of bonds like glucose

The conversion of the chemical energy in bonds into usable energy for the cells

C-H bond

the removal of high energy H

• the acceptance of the hydrogen atom (by oxygen in the final step)
• Energy is released by reduction (to make ATP)

• oxidizes glucose to two molecules of PYRUVATE
• makes two ATP
• makes 2 NADH
• (most of the energy is yet to be released)

2 per glucose

• when pyruvate is reduced to NAD⁺
• no oxygen present

36-38

• 1. Pyruvate decarboxylation
• 2. Citric Acid Cycle (krebs cycle)
• 3. Electron Transport Chain

the pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is decarboxylated (loses CO2) and it's transferred to make a acetyl CoA

• Also the krebs cycle.
• The 2 carbon acetyl combines with a 4 carbon (oxaloacetate)
• Through a series of reactions 2 CO₂ are released and the 4 carbon thing is regenerated.
• NADH and FADH₂ are taken to electron transport chain

• It's located on the inner mitochondrial membrane
• energy is transferred from NADH/FADH₂ to oxygen (this helps make ATP)

fats

6 co2 eventually form 1 glucoe.....6 Carbon dioxide and 6 RBP (5 carbon molecules) combine and then are converted to one molecule of glucose and recycled to 6 rbp's