-
Accomodation
1. Process whereby eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances
- 2. These adjustments include the pupil:
- .....a. Narrowing - Contraction
- .....b. Widening - Dilation
3. Movement of the eyes
4. Changes in the shape of the lens
-
Convergence
1. Simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other.
2. Occurs in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer
-
Emmetropia
- 1. Normal relationship between the:
- .....a. Refractive power of the eye
- .....b. Shape of the eye
2. Enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina.
Reminder: Emmetr/o = in proper measure
-
Refraction (Refractive power)
Ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina.
-
Visual acuity
Ability to distinguish object details & shape at a distance.
-
Blepharoptosis (Ptosis)
Drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis
-
Chalazion (Internal stye)
- 1. Localized swelling inside the eyelid 2. Results from obstruction of a sebaceous gland.
Contrast with a hordeolum ( stye) which is on the eyelid & from an infection of a sebaceous gland.
-
Ectropion
- 1. Eversion (outward turning) of the edge of an eyelid
- 2. Usually affects lower lid
- 3. When affects lower lid, it:
- ......a. Exposes the inner surface of the eyelid to irritation
- ......b. Prevents tears from draining properly
-
-
Entropion
- 1. Inversion (inward turning) of the edge of an eyelid
- 2. Usually affect lower eyelid
- 3. Causes eyelashes to rub against the cornea
-
Hordeolum (stye)
- 1. Pus-filled lesion on the eyelid
- 2. Results from an infection in a sebaceous gland.
-
Periorbital edema
- 1. Swelling surrounding eye or eyes
- 2.This can:
- ......a. Cause eyes to be partially closed by welling
- ......b. Give face a bloated appearance
- 3. This swelling is associated with conditions including:
- ......a. Allergic reactions
- .....b. Nephrotic syndrome
- .....c. Cellulitis
-
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
- 1. Inflammation of the conjunctiva
- 2. Usually caused by an infection or allergy
-
Edema
Means swelling of tissues
-
Dacryoadenitis
- 1. Inflammation of the lacrimal gland
- 2. Can be caused by:
- .....a. Bacteria
- .....b. Virus
- .....c. Fungus
-
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
- 1. Bleeding between conjunctive & sclera.
- 2. Common condition which is usually caused by an injury
- 3. Creates red area over the white of the eye.
-
Xerophthalmia (dry eye)
- 1. Drying of eye surfaces including conjunctive
- 2. Often associated with aging
- 3. Can also be due to systemic diseases such as:
- .....a. Rheumatoid arthritis
- .....b. Lack of vitamin A
- 4. Also associated with certain mediations such as those to treat hypertension and heart diasease
-
Iritis (anterior uveitis)
- 1. Inflammation of the uveal tract
- 2. Affect primarily structures in the front of the eye.
- 3. Condition can be acute or chronic.
-
Corneal abrasion
Injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to outer layers of the cornea
Note: Contrast with corneal ulcer which is pittting of the cornea caused by an injection or injury.
-
Corneal ulcer
- 1. Pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury.
- 2. Although these ulcers heal with treatment, they can leave a cloudy scar that impairs vision.
Note: Contrast with corneal abrasion which is a scratch or irritation to the outer layers of the cornea.
-
Keratitis
- 1. Inflammation of the cornea
- 2. Condition can be due to many causes including:
- ......a. Bacteria
- ......b. Virus
- ......c. Fungus
-
Pterygium
Benign growth on cornea that can become large eough to distort vision.
-
Scleritis
- 1. Inflammation of the sclera
- 2. This condition is usually associated with:
- .....a. Infection
- .....b. Chemical injuries
- .....c. Autoimmune diseases
-
Synechia
Adhesions that bind the iris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea.
-
Anisocoria
- 1. Condition in which the pupils are unequal in size
- 2. Condition can be congenital or caused by a:
- .....a. Head Injury
- .....b. Aneurysm
- .....c. Pathology of the CNS
-
Cataract
- 1. Loss of transparency of lens
- 2. Causes a progressive loss of visual clarity.
- 3. Formation of most cataracts is associated with aging
- 4. Condition can be congenital or due to an injury or disease
-
PERRLA
- Pupils are Equal, Round, Reactive to Light & Accomodation
- 1. Diagnostic observation
- 2. Any abnormality could be an indication of a head injury or damage to the brain.
-
Retinal detachment (detached retina)
Retina is pulled away from its attachment to the choroid in the back of the eye
-
Floaters (vitreous floaters)
- 1. Particles of cellular debris
- 2. Float in the vitreous fluid
- 3. Cast shadows on the retina
- 4. Occur normally with aging or in association with:
- .....a. Vitreous detachments
- .....b. Retinal tears
- .....c. Intraocular inflamaation
-
Nystagmus
- Involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
- 2. Can be congenital or caused b:
- ......a. A neurological injury
- ......b. Drug use
-
Papilledema (choked disk)
- 1. Swelling & inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye thru the optic disk.
- 2. This swelling is caused by increased intracranial pressure
- 3. Can be due to a tumor pressing on the optic nerve.
-
Retinal tear
Occurs when a hole develops in the retina as it is pulled away from its normal position
-
..........(1.) Astigmatism - uneven curvatures ..........(2.) Hyperopia - light focuses too far beyond retina ..........(3.) Myopia - light focuses in front of retinaRetinitis pigmentosa
- 1. Progressive degeneration of the retina
- 2. Affects night & peripheral vision.
- 3. Can be detected by dark pigmented spots in the retina.
|
|
