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Hierarchy of Complesity
atoms-->molecules-->organelles-->cells-->tissues-->organs-->organ systems 
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organism
single complete individual
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organ system
sroup of organs with a unique collective function (e.g. circulation, respiration, digestion) which are generally physically interconnected
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11 organ systems
- Integumentart
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Circulatory
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Digestive
- Reproductive
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organ
structure composed of 2+ tissues that work together to carry out a particular function, having definite anatomical boundaries and visibly distinguishable form adjacent structures. Many organs lie within other organs and may be microscopic
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tissue
mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
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4 primary tissue classes
- Epithelia
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscular
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Histology
study of tissues
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cells
smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
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simplest unit considered to be alive
cell
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plasma membrane
cell enclosure composed of lipids and proteins
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cytology
study of cells and organelles
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organelles
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual fucntions
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macromolecules
largest molecules such as proteins, fats, DNA
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molecules
composed of at least 2 atoms (the smallest particles w/unique chemical identities), make up organelles and other cellular components
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reductionism
theory, first espoused by Aristotle, that a large, complex system (e.g. human body) can be understood by studying its simpler components--useful, but incomplete theory
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holism
theory complementary to reductionism which suggests "emergent properties" of a (whole) organism which cannot be predicted form properties of its separate parts
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anatomical variation
the understanding that variations occur in each individual (e.g. the most common anatomical structure is seen in about 70% of people)
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characteristics of Life
- Organization
- Cellular composition
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness (movement/reactionto stimuli)
- Homeostasis
- Development
- Reproduction
- Evolution
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