Physio Test 2 Lecture 11

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  1. Muscle types are dependent upon _____ and ________
    speed and level of oxidation and glycolysis
  2. _____surrounds an entire muscle
    Epimysium
  3. _____ surrounds the muscle bundle called fascicles
    Perimysium
  4. ______surrounds individual myofibers
    Endomysium
  5. Myofilaments make up _________
    myofibrils
  6. _____ are multinucleated, while ______ and ______ are uninucleated.
    • Skeletal: multinucleated;
    • cardiac and smooth
  7. Where is the nuclei located? specifically _____of the sarcolemma.
    Below the surface of sarcolemma
  8. What kind of neurons innerate muscle fibers? And ______gives rise to such neurons
    alpha motor neurons; ventral horn
  9. _______use ATP for the myosin-head region that provides the energy for the sliding
    inter-myofibril mitochondria
  10. The ________keeps the Na+/K+ active transport pump going
    Subsarcolemmal mitochondria
  11. What is a triad inside of a myofiber?
    Which one opens to the extracellular environment?
    What is the terminal ends of the t-tubule called?
    • Two sarcoplasmic retinculum and 1 transverse tubule; The transverse tubule is open to the extracellular environment;
    • terminal cisternae
  12. Which myofilament protein type contains a tail region and a cross-bridge region?
    Myosin
  13. What region of the myosine contains an active binding site and ATPase binding site, located on the A band?
    Cross-bridge region
  14. T/F: actin is present in the light H zone.
    False
  15. What renders the dark spot on the H line?
    M line protein
  16. What is the DISC called in the middle of the I bands?
    Z-disc
  17. What are the points called that define the boundaries of each sarcomere?
    Z discs
  18. Draw a complete sarcomere
  19. What kind of protein forms the filament actin (F-actin)?
    Globular actin proteins
  20. The smallest functional unit of contraction is called a ______
    Sarcomere
  21. T/F: Titin is thought to aid in centering the thick filament equidistant between the thin actin filaments and also aiding in relaxation
    True
  22. What protein is used to mediate interactions between the sarcoplastmic reticulum and myofibrils?
    obscurin
  23. Nebulin is in thick or thin filaments?
    thin filaments; structural in nature
  24. mutations in _____, a type of support protein, leads to muscular dystrophy and even inbibitins; it's located under the sarcolemma
    dystrophin
  25. Describes the process leading to disuse atrophy attributed by a cut in axon:
    1.Ach..
    2.membrane...
    3. receptors... (and what kind of receptors?)
    • 1. Ach is no longer release
    • 2. Membrane tends to flatten
    • 3. receptors drift into the sarcolemma
    • *nicotinic receptors
  26. T/F: motor end plate includes the terminal bouton.
    False
  27. T/F: Motor-end plate is the specialized post-synaptic region of the sarcolemma that is part of the neuromuscular junction.
    True.
  28. A motor unit includes______
    The somatic motor neuron and myfibers it innervates
  29. _____ ______ is the synapse betwen the nerve fiber and muscle fiber
    Neuromuscular junction
  30. Excitation-contraction coupling:
    Two different types of Ca+ channels that are coupled. Where are they?
    • The voltage gated calcium channels are on the transverse tubule (They only respond to membrane depolarization), and the other one that's coupled to it is the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channels
    • *CRC receptors are calcium release channel receptors on the SR
  31. The DHP receptors are ______ located on _______; the Ryanodine receptors are _____ and located on ______
    • Voltage gated calcium channels on the t-tubules;
    • SR calcium release channels; on SR
  32. T/F: Calcium activated ATPase pump on t-tuble
    No, the ATPase pump is on the SR
  33. T/F: Changing permeabiltiy allows calcium to flood out
    Yes
  34. T/F: Calsequestrin is a calcium binding protein that aids the pump in concentrating calcium
    True
  35. _____lies on top of the active site on the globular-actin molecule;
    Troponin complex:
    ______: regulatory molecule that binds to calcium
    ______ binds to the tropomysin
    • Tropomyosin;
    • Troponin C
    • Troponin T
  36. T/F: When Ca+ binds to troponin C, causing a conformational change that will move the tropomyosin out of the way for actin to attach to the cross-bridge, undergoing a powerstroke
    True
  37. Just remember:
    Calcium: binding the two
    ATP: releases the two
    Breaking ATP to ADP and ior. phosphate for cross bridge to recock
    • In details:
    • After the cross bridge binds to actin: Pi gets released
    • Then Powerstroke:
    • ADP gets released
  38. Explain rigor mortis;
    In order for body to relax, Ca+ has to be pumped back into the SR
    • Since the body can't produce any more ATPs, the APTase can no longer pump the Ca+ in the cytoplasm into the SR, hence, the Ca+ just hanging around are keeping the myosin attached to the actin;
    • and no more ATP can unbind the actin;
    • --->the muscle is in the stiffened form
  39. T/F: The strength of a muscle contraction can be graded.
    True
  40. What do you call the phenomenon when a second electric shock is delievered immediately after the first that the twitch may partially ride piggyback on the first?
    Summation
  41. In an isometric contraction, ___ changes, ____ does not.
    In an isotonic contraction, ____ change, _____ does not.
    • tension changes, length
    • length changes; tension

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Author:
 gnawomaix
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 150388
Filename:
 Physio Test 2 Lecture 11
Updated:
 2012-04-27 00:48:59
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Physio Test Lecture 11
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Physio Test 2 Lecture 11
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