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psychotherapy
the treatment of psychological disorders through talking and other psychological methods
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psychiatrists
medical doctors who have completed special training in the treatment of psychological disorders
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psychologists
among therapists, those whose education includes completion of a master's or (usualy) a doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology, often followed by additional specialty
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psychoanalysis
a method of psychotherapy that seks to help clients gain insight by recognizing and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotion
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client-centered therapy (person centered therapy) a
a therapy that allows the client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgment, or interpretation from the therapist
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unconditional positive regard
a therapist attitude that conveys a caring for, and acceptance of, the client as a valued person
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empathy
the therapist's attempt to appreciate and understand how the world looks from the client's point of view
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reflection
an active listening method in which a therapist conveys empathy by paraphrasing clients' statements and noting accompanying feelings
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congruence
a consistency between the way therapists feel and the way they act toward clients
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Gestalt therapy
an active treatment designed to help clients get in touch with genuine feelings and disown foreign ones
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behavior therapy
treatments that use classical conditioning principles to change behavior
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behavior modification
treatments that use operant conditioning methods to change behavior
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cognitive-behavior therapy
learning-based treatment methods that help clients change the way they think, as well as the way they behave
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systematic desensitization
a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which clients visualize a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed
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modeling
demonstrating desirable behaviors as a way of teaching them to cleints
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assertiveness training and social skills training
methods for teaching clients how to interact with others more comfortably and effectively
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possitive reinforcement A
a therapy method that uses rewards to strenthen desirable behaviors
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token economy
a system for imprving the behavior of intitutionalized clients in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or activities
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extinction
the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response or operant behavior through nonreinforcement
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flooding
a procedure for reducing anxiety that involves keeping a person in a feared, but harmles, situation
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aversion conditioning
a method that uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a particular stimulus
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punishment
a therapy method that weakens undesirable behavior by following it with an unpleasant stimulus
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rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a treatment designed to identify and change self-defeating thoughts that lead to anxiety and other symptoms or disorder
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cognitive therapy
a treatment in which the therapist helps clients to notice and change negative thoughts associated with anxiety and depression
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group therapy
psychotherapy involving several unrelated clients
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family therapy
treatment of two or more individuals from the same family
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couples therapy
a form of therapy focusing on improving communication between partners
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empirically supported therapies
treatments whose effects have been validated by controlled experimental research
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electroconvulsive therapy
brief electrival shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce depression that does not respond to drug treatment
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psychosurgery
surgical procedures that destroy tissue in small regions of the brain in an effort to treat psychological disorders
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neuroleptics
drugs that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia
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antidepressants
drugs that relieve depression
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anxiolytics
drugs that reduce feelings of anxiety
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community psychology
a movement to minimize or prevent psychological disorders through changes in social systems and through community mental health programs
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