-
What are some of the long term effects of radiation (one year long)?
- malignant disease
- local tissue damage (sunburn)
- life-span shortening
- genetic damage
- potential effects to fetus
-
Is necrosis long term or short term?
long term effect
-
is skin erythema a short term or long term effect?
short term
-
when and where did the three mile island incident occur?
U.S. 1979
-
when and where did chernobyl occur?
USSR 1986
-
what was released into the atmosphere during the three mile island incident?
- Appx. 10 MCi of xenon 133
- Appx. 15 MCi of iodine 131
-
what was released in the air during the chernobyl accident?
- tons of uranium dioxide
- cesuium 137
- iodine 131
-
when was the first case of skin cancer due to radiation exposure?
1902
-
when was the first case of radiation induced leukemia?
1911
-
What happen when radium is ingested? for ex. radium dial painters
- radium deposited in bones
- higher chance of osteogenic sarcoma and osteoporosis
- alpha and beta particles emitted
-
how is cesium ingested in the body as?
- potassium
- deposited in the muscles
-
what kind of cancer does iodine cause?
thyroid cancer
-
whats the half life of iodine 131?
8 days
-
whats the half life of cesium 137?
10-100 days
-
what type of dose response relationship does thyroid cancer have?
linear, nonthreshold dose
-
what kind of cancer(s) do atomic bomb survivors have?
-
what kind of cancer(s) do marshall islanders have?
some thyroid cancer
-
what kind of cancer(s) do radium dial painters have?
bone cancer
-
what kind of cancer(s) did early radiologists have?
-
what kind of cancer(s) do people that undergo multiple chest fluoroscopy?
breast cancer
-
what kind of cancer(s) do infants with enlarged thymus get?
thyroid cancer
-
what kind of cancer(s) do people who get thorotrast treatments?
-
what kind of cancer(s) do babies in utero that get exposed get?
leukemia
-
what kind of cancer(s) do people who get iodine 131 therapy for thyroid get?
some leukemi
-
what kind of cancer(s) do uranium miners get?
lung cancer
-
True or false: a single exposure can be enough to elevate cancer incidence several years later?
true
-
True or false: there are radiounique cancers?
- false
- there is no radiounique cancer
-
True or false: almost all cancers are associated with radiation?
true
-
True or false: breast, bone marrow, and thyroid are not sensitive to radiation?
- false
- they are especially sensitive
-
what is the most prominent radiogenic tumor?
leukemia
-
what is the latent period of solid tumors?
10 years
-
what is leukemia's latent period?
5-7 years
-
True or false: age of irradiated individual is most important factor
true
-
True or false: percentage increase in cancer incidence/rad varies between organs and types of cancers
True
-
True or false: dose-effect curves are best assumed to be linear
true
-
what is the most radiosensitive layer of the skin?
- basal layer
- constantly regenerating
-
what are the late changes in skin?
- sunburn, aging
- atrophy
- fibrosis
- change in pigmentation
- ulceration
- necrosis
-
what is the latent period of the eyes?
up to 30 years
-
what is the dose-response relationship of cataracts?
- threshold, non linear
- non linear because once the eyes are damaged or go blind theres no more damage that can occur
-
how many rads does it take to cause cataracts?
- about 200 rads
- all will develop at 1000 rads
-
what is the most radiosensitve organ of the digestive system?
small bowel
-
how many rads does it take to cause atrophy, strictures, fibrosis and ulceration in the digestive system?
500 rads
-
how many rads does it take to permenantly destroy the villi and cause ulceration, fibrosis and necrosis to the digestive system?
1000 rads
-
how many rads does it take to temporarily halt mitosis of developing bone cells?
100 rads
-
how many rads does it take to permanently suppress mitosis?
- 1000 rads
- severe impact on both size and shape of bones in adulthood (when radiated as a child)
-
True or false: the urinary system is radioresistant?
true
-
how many rads does it take to cause renal failure?
2500 rads
-
what are some examples of cytogenetic damage?
- Increased spontaneous abortions or still birth
- Altered sex ratios
- Leukemia and other neoplasms
- Increased infant mortality
- Increased congenital effects
- Decreased life expectancy
- Dominant inherited diseases
- Dwarfism, Polydactly, Huntington’s Chorea
- Recessive inherited diseases
- Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, hemophilia, albinism
-
what is doubling dose?
- dose of radiation that will produce twice the frequency of genetic mutations than without radiation exposure
- mutations occur in nature with certain frequency
-
what are the 3 basic stages in development?
- preimplantation
- organogenesis
- fetal or growth stage
-
what is the preimplantation development stage?
conception to 10 days post conception
-
what is the organogenesis development stage?
- cells implanted in uterine wall
- cells begin differentiation into organs
-
what is the fetal or growth development stage?
- sixth week after conception
- growth rather than new development
-
what are the principle effects of radiation on embryo or fetus?
- embryonic or fetal death
- malformations
- growth retardation
- congenital defects
- cancer induction
-
what is the 10-25 rule?
- doses of less than 10 rad = no indication to terminate a pregnancy
- doses between 10 and 25 rad = gray area
- doses above 25 = termination should be considered
-
what is the genetically significant dose?
- the dose equivalent to the reproductive organs that would bring about genetic injury to the population if recieved by the total population
- the estimated GSD for the US is about 20 mrem
|
|
