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mutation
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mutation
a change in the DNA sequence that results in a change in the product protion
can be neutral harmful or benificial
base substitution
single base in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base
missence mutation
base substitution results in amino acid substituion in protien
may or may not affect activity of protien
nonsense mutation
creates a stop codon in the middle of an mRNA molecute
almost always destroys activity of protien
frameshift mutation
nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted into the DNA
protien sequence altered significantly
produce carcinagens
mutagens
agents in the enviornment such as chemicals and radiation that directly or indirectly bring about mutations
chemical mutagen
ex nitrous acid makes base pair change in DNA and alters DNA at random location
nucleoside analog
altered base pairs
randomly incorporated into DNA instead of normal base
replication causes base pair substitutions in later generations
radiation
xray /gamma ray ionize atoms and molecules
ions combine with bases in dna - errors in replication
causes physical breaks in the chromosome
uv light
nonionizing cases formation of covalent bonds between bases
creates thymine dimers - may cause death to cell
photolyases
light repair enzymes use visible light to seperate dimer to two thimines
repair uv light
enzyme cut and remove damaged DNA
DNA polymerase synthesizes Dna to fill gap
DNA ligase seals gap by joining old and new DNA
frequency of mutation
rate at which mutation will occur
1/million rate. - provides genetic diversity
rate can change depending on population cell has been exposed to.
Restriction enzyme
DNA cutting enzymes that exsist in many bacteria
recognize and cuts particular sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA 4,6,8 base sites
palindrome
Linn and Abner
discovered some strains of bacteria were able to resist bacteriaphage
infection by infecting DNA
different bacteria produce different enzymes
blunt ends
cut both strands of DNA in the same place
sticky ends
cut two strands that are not directly opposite from each other (stagger ends)
restriction enzyme steps
enzyme cutes DNA making skicky ends
DNA from another pasmid joins to sticky ends through base pairing
DNA ligase fuses them together making a molecule of recombinant DNA
plasmids
carry on antibiotic resistance markers
restriction sites to insert DNA
allow plasmids to reproduce in several organisms
polymerase chain reaction
small samples of DNA can be doubled
heat/cold
polymerase chain reaction steps
separate targe DNA with heat
need primer deoxynucleotides and DNA polymerase
polymerase synthesizes strands two new forms of target DNA are formed
repeate and DNA strands are doubled
primer
help start the reaction
complementary to ends of target DNA
agarose gel electrophoresis
separate DNA fragments made with restriction enzymes
used to sequence DNA
Cohen and Boyer
cut plasmid DNA and target dna with same restriction enzyme
mix DNA allowing sticky ends to match up
select DNA clone having target gene
Author
andreathors16
ID
150851
Card Set
mutation
Description
test 3
Updated
4/29/2012, 5:36:41 AM
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