Amiodarone PK

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  1. What is the MOA of amiodarone?
    Class III antiarrhythmic: blocks K+ channels which prolongs the repolarization and refractory period in the atrial and ventricular tissue

    Also has same MOA as all other drugs (Na+, BB, CCB)
  2. What are some common uses for amiodarone?
    • Supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia (VT, VF, A fib or flutter)
    • Cardiac arrerst
    • Prevention of post-operative AF during cardiothoracid surgery
  3. Where does amiodarone typically concentrate?
    Fat tissues
  4. What type of absorption does amiodarone have?
    Slow and incomplete
  5. Does food enhance or decrease the rate and extent of absorption? (AUC and Cmax)
    Enhance: Increase AUC and Cmax
  6. What is the bioavailability of oral amiodarone?
    50%
  7. What type of circulation does amiodarone undergo?
    Enterohepatic circulation
  8. What percentage of amiodarone is protein bound?
    96%
  9. What two proteins does amiodarone bind with?
    • albumin
    • alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
  10. What is the approximate volume of distribution of amiodarone?
    60 L/kg
  11. What are the major sites of distribution for amiodarone?
    • Fat
    • Muscle
    • Liver
    • Spleen
  12. _________ cocentration 10-400 times greater than ________ concentrations
    • Tissue
    • Plasma
  13. Does amiodarone follow a one or two compartment model?
    two
  14. What is the active metabolite of amiodarone?
    Desethylamiodarone (DEA)
  15. Is the process of amiodarone being distributed to the tissues slow or fast?
    Slow
  16. What is a major enzyme that metabolizes amiodarone?
    3A4
  17. What enzyme(s) and/or transporter (s) is/are inhibited by amiodarone?
    • 3A4
    • P-glycoprotein
  18. Does amiodarone need to be adjusted in renal dysfunction?
    No
  19. What is the 1/2 life for chronic oral dosing of amiodarone?
    53 days
  20. What is the 1/2 life for IV amiodarone?
    9 to 36 days
  21. Is the half life of N-DEA greater, less than, or equal to amiodarone?
    Greater than or equal
  22. What are two factors that alter the clearance of amiodarone?
    • Cirrhosis: decreases formation of DEA
    • Elderly: decreased clearance
  23. What effect does renal failure, heart failure, or dialysis have on amiodarone?
    None
  24. What is the onset of action of amiodarone?
    1-3 weeks
  25. What is the duration of amiodarone?
    30-90 days
  26. What is the therapeutic range of amiodarone?
    0.5-2.0 mg/L
  27. When is the peak concentration of amiodarone?
    3-7 hours
  28. What is the oral LD for amiodarone?
    1.2-1.8 g/day in divided doses up to 10 grams
  29. What is the IV LD for amiodarone?
    5-7 mg/kg over 30-60 minutes, then 1.2-1.8 g/day continuous infusion up to 10 grams
  30. What is the maintenance dose for amiodarone?
    200-400 mg/day
  31. If the patient has been on IV therapy for < 1 week, what is the oral LD that should be given?
    800-1600 mg/day for 1-2 weeks followed by a MD
  32. If the patient has been on IV therapy for 1 to < 3 weeks, what is the oral LD that should be given?
    600-800 mg/day for 1-2 weeks followed by a MD
  33. If the patient has been on IV therapy for > 3 weeks, what is the oral LD that should be given?
    None, go ahead and start with the MD
  34. When switching from oral to IV amiodarone, how should the dose be adjusted?
    Give 50% of oral dose when switching to IV
  35. Which drugs can caused a prolonged QT interval when used with amiodarone?
    • Azole antifungals
    • Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin)
    • Fluoroquinolones
    • Haloperidol
  36. Which drugs can cause delayed AV node conduction when used with amiodarone?
    • Non-DHP CCB
    • BB
    • Digoxin
  37. When using digoxin and amiodarone together, what adjustment should be made?
    Decrease the digoxin dose by 50%
  38. When using warfarin and amiodarone together, what adjustments hould be made?
    Decrease the warfarin dose by 25%
  39. What drugs may have increased concentrations when administered with amiodarone?
    • Digoxin
    • Sildenafil
    • Cyclosporine
    • Tacrolimus
    • Theophylline
    • Warfarin
    • Atorvastatin
    • Simvastatin
  40. What drugs will decrease amiodarone levels?
    • Phenytoin
    • Phenobarbital
    • Rifampin
    • St. Johns Wort
    • Cholestyramine
  41. What drugs will increase amiodarone levels?
    • Grapefruit Juice
    • Protease inhibitors
    • Cimetidine
  42. Approximately how much of an increase in amiodarone levels would you expect to see when administered with grapefruit juice?
    50%
  43. If amiodarone is given too quickly through an IV what are some AE that can happen?
    • Hypotension
    • Bradycardia
  44. In order to prevent phlebitis, what is the cut off for giving central line amiodarone?
    > 2 mg/nL
  45. What are some toxicites that can occur due to the MOA of amiodarone?
    • Sinus bradycardia
    • Atrioventricular block
    • QT prolongation (rarely torsades)
  46. What are some proposed etiologies of toxicity related to chronic therapy?
    • Long 1/2 life : accumulation of amiodarone and iodine
    • Lipophilic distribution into adipose tissues of multiple organs
    • Phospholipidosis : abnormal lipid storage
    • Free radical formation
  47. At what dose do most toxicites occur?
    > 400 mg/day
  48. What types of pulmonary toxicites are possible with amiodarone?
    • Pulmonary fibrosis
    • Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
    • Pulmonary inflammation
    • Interstitial or alveolar Pneumonitis
  49. What is the MOA of pulmonary toxicity with amiodarone?
    Abnormal phospholipid storage in lysosomal cells leading to membrane stiffness and cell damage
  50. Is pulmonary toxicity independent or depending on dose and/or duration of therapy?
    Dependent
  51. Does pre-existing pulmonary disease increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity?
    No, but it may worsen the prognosis
  52. What are some signs and symptoms of pulmonary toxicity?
    • Nonproductive cough
    • Dyspnea
    • Pleuritic chest pain
    • Weight loss
    • Malaise
    • Asymptomatic
    • CSR: interstitial or alveolar infiltrates and/or extensive pulmonary fibrosis
  53. What types of hepatic toxicity are seen with amiodarone?
    • Transient elevation in LFTs
    • Clinical hepatitis and cirrhosis
  54. What are the signs and symptoms of hepatic toxicity?
    • Asymptomatic
    • Typical signs of liver failure (side pain, jaundice)
  55. What is the MOA of hepatic toxicity?
    • Phospholipidosis
    • Direct toxic effects
  56. Is it more common to see HYPOthyroidism or HYPERthyroidism with amiodarone?
    HYPOthyroidism
  57. What is the MOA of thyroid toxicity with amiodarone?
    • Excess iodine intake
    • Amiodarone blocks conversion of T4 to T3 --> inactive thyroid hormonres
    • Also leads to decreased synthesis of T4
  58. Is thyroid toxicity dependent or independent of dose/duration?
    Independent
  59. What are two ocular toxicities that occur due to amiodarone?
    • Corneal microdeposits
    • Opetic neuropathy
  60. What are symptoms of corneal microdeposits?
    • Asymptomatic
    • Present with corneal cysts or abscesses
  61. What is the MOA of corneal microdeposits?
    Secretion of amiodarone by the lacrimal glands and deposits on the surface of the cornea
  62. What are two dermatologic toxicites of amiodarone?
    • Photosensitivity
    • Blue-gray skin discoloration
  63. What is the MOA of blue-gray skin?
    Photosensitive reaction resulting in lipofuscion deposits instead of melanin and pigment
  64. In what patient population are neurologic toxicities more common? Is it independent or dependent of dose?
    • Elderly
    • Dependent
  65. Are corneal microdeposits related or non-related to drug dose/duration?
    Related
  66. What should you monitor at baseline for amiodarone use?
    • EKG
    • LFTs
    • PFTs
    • CXR
    • TFTs
    • Eye exam
  67. What tests should be ordered at 6 months post amiodarone?
    • LFTs
    • TFTs
    • Eye exam
  68. What tests should be ordered annually?
    • PFTs (symptoms only)
    • CXR (symptoms)
    • EKG

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Author:
 rclee06
ID:
 150888
Filename:
 Amiodarone PK
Updated:
2012-04-29 16:55:07
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PK
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