Final Test

• •Double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses
• –Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and smallpox viruses)
• –Molluscipoxvirus
• –Smallpox
• –Molluscum contagiosum
• –Cowpox

• -Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped
• -Enterovirus
• -Poliovirus and coxsackievirus
• Rhinovirus
• -Hepatitis A virus

• •Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped
• –Hepatitis E virus
• –Norovirus causes gastroenteritis

• Single-stranded RNA, + strand, enveloped
• –Arboviruses can replicate in arthropods; include yellow fever, dengue, SLE, and West Nile viruses
• –Hepatitis C virus

• Single-stranded RNA, + strand, enveloped
• –Upper respiratory infections
• –Coronavirus
• –SARS

• Single-stranded RNA, – strand, one RNA strand
• –Filovirus
• –Enveloped, helical viruses
• –Ebola and Marburg viruses

• Single-stranded RNA, – strand, one RNA strand
• –Paramyxovirus
• –Morbillivirus
• –Parainfluenza
• –Mumps
• –Newcastle disease (chickens)

• Single-stranded RNA, – strand, multiple RNA strands
• –Envelope spikes can agglutinate RBCs
• –Influenzavirus (influenza viruses A and B)
• –Influenza C virus

• Single-stranded RNA, – strand, multiple RNA strands
• –Bunyavirus (CE virus)
• –Hantavirus

• Single-stranded RNA, 2 RNA strands, produce DNA
• –Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral genome
• –Lentivirus (HIV)
• –Oncogenic viruses
• •Includes all RNA tumor viruses

the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid

a protein sub unit of a viral capsid

an outer covering surrounding the capsid of some viruses

capsids are not covered

virus with a complicated structure such as a vacteriophage

long rods, the viruses causes rabies and ebola fever

has many sides it is also the shape of an icosahedro

cell deterioration

a mechanism of phage multiplication that results in host cell

stages in viral development that results in the incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA

engulfing of fluid by infolding of the plasma membrane in eukaryotes

seperation of the viral nucleic acid from its protein coat once the virion is enclosed within the vesicle

the envelop actually develops around the capsid

gene that can bring about malignant transformation

virus that is capable of producing tumors, called oncovirus

an infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein, with no detatachable nucleic acids

infectious RNA

• submicroscopic parasitic filterable agent con of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein con.
• family names end in viridae

the study of genes and their function

positive strand RNA virus

negative strand RNA virus

viral DNA that is intergrated into the host cell's DNA

a microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface

a heat and acid resistance protein of streptococcal cell walls and fibrils

a bacterial outer membrane protein, cells with opa form opaque colonies

an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment

bacterial exzyme that causes blood plasma to clot

a bacterial enzyme that breaks down fibrin(blood clots)

an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid and helps spread micro organisms from their initial site of infections

breaks down collagen

enzymes that deestrooy antibodies

changes in surface antigens that occur in a microbial population

a surface protein produced by salmonella typhimurium and e. coli that rearranges near by actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of a host cell

bacterial iron-binding proteins

the capacity of a microorganism to produce a toxin

the presence of toxins in the blood

a protein toxin released from living, mostly gram positive bacterial cells

part of the outer portion of the cell wall (lipid A) of most gram neg bacteria; released on destruction of the cell

change in the base sequence of dna

a single base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base (Most common)

a substitution of an amino acid in the synthesized protein

a base substitution in DNA that results in a nonsense codon

a mutation caused by the addition or deletion of one or more bases in DNA

a mutation that occurs without a mutagen

an agent in the environment that brings about mutations

changes the DNA with exposure to nitrous acid can convert the base adenine to a form that doesn't pair with thtymine

chemical that is structurally similar to the normal nucleosides in nucleic acids but with altered base-pairing properties

an enzyme that splits thymine dimersin the presence of visible light

the repairing of DNA involving removal of defectiive nucleotides and replacement with functional ones

enzymes add to methyl group to selected bases soon after a DNA strad is made

a virus that infects bacterial cells

a neurotoxin produced by some dinoflagellates

the probability a gene will mutate each time a cell divides

• sugars are calld saccharides
• -mono, di, oligo, poly

• lipids
• -simple; triglyceride
• -complex;phospholipid

• proteins
• -protein structure (folding)
• -peptide bond
• -lock & key model of enzyme fx

• outside cell wall
• usually sticky
• capsule; neatly organized
• slime layer; unorganized and loose
• extracellular polysaccaride allows cell to attatch
• capsules prevent phagocytosis

polymer ofo glucose, mannose, and glucuronic acid

• carb (sugars)
• lipids (fat)
• proteins
• nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

• outside cell wall
• made of chains of flagellin protein
• attach to a protein hook
• anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

• rotate flagella to run or tumble
• move toward or away from stimula (taxis)
• flagella proteins are H antigens

• Fimbriae allow attachment
• Pili
• -facilitate transfer of DNA from 1 cell to another
• -gliding motility
• -twiching motility

• thick peptiodoglycan
• teichoic acids

• thin peptidoglycan
• outer membrane
• periplasmic space

• prevents osmotic lysis
• made of peptiodoglycan (in bacteria)

• polymer of disaccharide
• -NAG
• -NAM

• phospholipid bilayer
• peripheral proteins
• intergral proteins
• transmembrane
• proteins

• membrane is a viscous as olive oil
• proteins move to fx
• phospholipids rotate and move laterally

• protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics
• o polysaccharide antigen
• lipid A is an endotoxin
• porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

the substance inside the plasma membrane

• protein synthesis
• 70s
• 50s + 30s subunits

• resting cells
• resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
• bacillus, clostridium

endospore formation

return to vegetative state

• cell wall
• -plants, algae, fungi
• -carbs
• cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan

• glycocalyx
• -carbs extending from animal plasma membrane
• -bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

• selective permability allows passage of some molecules
• simple diffusion
• facilitative diffusion
• osmosis
• active transport
• endocytosis

pseudopods extend and engulf particles

membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

cytoplasm membrane-substance inside plasma and outside the nucleus

fluid portion of cytoplasm

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

moveement of cytoplasm throughout cell

• nucleus- contains chromosomes
• er- transport network
• golgi complex- membrane formation and secretion
• lysosome- difestive enzymes
• vacuole- brings food into cells and provides support
• mitochondrion- cellular respiration
• chloroplast- photosynthesis
• peroxisome- oxidation of fatty acides; destroys h202
• centrosome- consists of protein fibers and centrioles