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Learning
change in behavior due to experiences
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classical conditioning
learning before the behavior
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operant learning
learning after the behavior
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higher (second) order conditioning
CS is used to reinforce further learning; CS is used as US
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extinction
when a response is weakened by removing reinforcement
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spontaneous recovery
return of response after extinction
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phobia
irrational fear when no real danger is present
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conditional emotional response
learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
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vicarious learning
learning through others experiences/reactions
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primary operant reinforcers
- natural, unlearned, & rooted in biology
- (ex: success, attn, food/water, sleep, sex)
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4 partial schedules of reinforcement
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
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sensory
the exact copies of what we just experienced, most isnt selected as important so we dont become aware of it
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short term memory
with selective attn, its what we store for a short period of time
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long term memory
what we dont have access to, but wen recalled it comes back to our short term memory
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procedural memory
basic conditioned responses
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declarative memory
facts; split into semantic or episodic
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semantic memory
impersonal facts, most resistant to memory decay (ex: math, language)
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episodic memory
autobiography (think episode)
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implicit memories
lies outside our everyday awareness (using a keyboard)
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explicit memories
experiences that are consciously brought to mind
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retrograde amnesia
loss of events before a head injury
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antergrade amnesia
loss of events after the head injury
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denotative meaning
the exact dictionary definition
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connotative meaning
subjective, personal, or emotional meaning
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lexigram
a geometric word symbol
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covergent thinking
one answer & ur set on finding it
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divergent thinking
many possibilities, this is what envokes creative thought
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inductive thought
going from specific facts or observations to general principles
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deductive thought
general principles to specific situations
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logical thinking
drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles and reasoning
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illogical thinking
thought that is intuitive, haphazard, or irrational
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fluency
total # of solutions produced
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flexibility
# of different types of solutions produced
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originality
how novel or unusual solutions are
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intelligence
- capacity to act purposefully
- think rationally
- effectively deal with the enviorment
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reliability tests
- test-retest reliability
- split-half reliability
- equivalent forms reliability
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validity
measure what it claims to measure
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aptitude
capacity for learning certain abilities
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5 aspects of intelligence
- fluid reasoning
- knowledge
- quantative reasoning
- visual-spatial processing
- working memory
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chronological age
age in years
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mental age
mental ability displayed by those of a given age
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deviation IQ
determines a persons relative standing amongst their age group
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mental retardation
intellectually disabled; those with mental capacities far below average
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organic sources of retardation
- birth injuries
- fetal damage
- metabolic disorders
- genetic abnormaliteies
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multiple intelligences (8)
- language
- logic & math
- visual & spatial
- music
- bodily kinesthetic
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
- naturalist
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