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What substance in milk is bacteriostatic and binds iron?
Lactoferrin
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What cell plays a major role in clearing invading bacteria in the mammary gland?
Neutrophils
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What is the major immunoglobulin in milk?
IgG1
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What bacterial pathogens use the mammary gland as their principle site of persistence or their normal reservoir? 3
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Mycoplasma sp.
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What is the result of chronic infection of the mammary gland with Streptococcus agalactiae?
Thickened ducts and sinus mucosa
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What is the most severe type of Staphylococcus aureus infection and when is it usually seen?
Gangrenous, usually around calving
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What are the major virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus in mammary gland infections?
Extracellular products that enable the organism to adhere to epithelial surfaces
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What type of mastitis is seen in herds where other forms of mastitis have been controlled?
Mycoplasma bovis infection
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What bacterial pathogens are common environmental bacteria and gain entry via contamination of the teat? 4
- Escherichia coli
- Enterobacter aerogenes
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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In coliform mastitis, what usually causes the most damage?
Endotoxin acts on vasculature
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What are some common pathogens that cause mastitis in ewes? 2
- Mycoplasma agalactiae
- Mannheimia haemolytica
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What are some common pathogens that cause mastitis in does? 2
- Mycoplasma agalactiae
- Mycoplasma mycoides ssp.
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What type of mammary hyperplasia occurs in young intact female cats in one or several glands?
Mammary Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia
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What type of mammary hyperplasia occurs in intact, lactating or non-lactating bitches and is most numerous in caudal two glands?
Mammary Lobular Hyperplasia
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In what animals do you primarily see mammary adenomas/carcinomas?
- Dogs (80% benign)
- Cats (90% malignant)
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What is formed from the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct in the male? 3
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Seminal vesicles
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What is formed from the urogenital sinus in the male? Female?
- Male - Prostate, bulbourethral gland
- Female - Caudal vagina
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What is formed from the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct in the female? 4
- Oviduct
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Anterior vagina
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What protein induces the undifferentiated gonad to become a testis and produce sertoli cells?
SRY protein
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What hormone, produced by the Sertoli cells, leads to the regression of the paramesonephric ducts?
Mullerian Inhibitory factor (MIF)
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What hormone induces the development of penis, scrotum and prostate?
Dihydrotestosterone (testosterone from Leydig cells)
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What has two or more cell types, each with different chromosomal makeups?
Chimeras
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Female calves born co-twin with a male calf will be what?
Free martin
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What condition is seen in Saanan and Toggenberg goats and occurs as a gene deletion on chromosome 1 affecting the expression of FOXL2 resulting in an XX sex reversal?
Polled intersex sydrome (PIS)
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In what breed of dog is XX sex reversal most common?
American cocker spaniel
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Testicular feminization, caused by androgen insensitivity, is most common in what animal?
Horses
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What is the result of testicular feminization in horses? 4
- Mullerian duct inhibitory factor is produced, so Mullerian ducts regress
- DTH produced but no receptors
- Wolffian ducts regress
- External genitalia are female in type
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In what animals is persistent mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) seen in? 2
- Miniature schnauzers
- Goats
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Do male dogs with PMDS have normal external genitalia?
Yes
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