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Types of Cellular Microbes
- bacteria
- archaea
- algae
- protozoa
- fungi
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Types of Acellular Microbes
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Cellular Microbes can be divided into _____ and _____
- procaryotic (bacteria and archaea)
- eucaryotic (algae, protoza and fungi)
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Disease causing microbes?
Pathogens
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Pathogens that do not cause disease?
Nonpathogens
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Microbes that live on our bodies?
Indigenous Microflora
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Some members of our indegenous flora are _____ pathogens
opportunistic
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Opportunistic pathogens are
microbes that can cause diease, but usually do not.
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Pathogens cause two categories of disease
- Infections disease
- Microbial intoxications (toxins from bacteria making you sick)
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Photosynthetic algae and bacteria produce much of the ____ in our atmosphere
oxygen
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Microorganisms are involved in the ____ of dead organisms and waste products.
decomposition
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What are Saprophytes
Organisms that live on dead/decaying organic matter
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What is Bioremediation
The use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes
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Many microbes play essential roles in various elemental cycles. What are examples of elemental cycles
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Sulfur
- Phosphorus
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algae and bacteria serve as ____ more tiny animals
food
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Microbes are used in what industries
- Food
- Beverage
- Chemical
- antibiotic
- genetic engineering
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Anton Van Leewenhoek
- Father of microbiology
- Not a trained scientist
- created 1st microscope (300-500x)
- Observed animicules (bacteria and protozoa)
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Louis Pasteur
- Debunked spontaneous generation with swan neck flask experiment
- Fermentation
- Developed pastuerization process
- Discovered life forms could exist without oxygen (anaerobes)
- Developed rabies and anthrax vaccines
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Robet Koch
- Germ theory
- Discovered anthrax produced spores
- Methods to cultivate bacteria-kochs postulates
- Developed staining bacteria
- Cholera
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Joseph Lister
Aseptic surgery
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Alexander Felemming
Discovered Penecillin
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Microbiologists
Studies Microbes
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Medical micro
Study of pathogens, the disease they cause and the bodys defenses
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Other career fields in micro
epidemiology, immunology, microbiology
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What is ecology
The systematic study of the relationships that exist between organisms and their env.
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What is microbial ecology
the study of the relationship between microbes and the world around them
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Indigenous microflora
naturally present in our bodies
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What is symbiosis
- 2 dissimilar organisms liveing together in close association
- Symbionts!
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Neutralism
Neither symbiont is affected
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Commensalism
Beneficial to one symbiont but has no affect on other
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Mutualism
Beneficial to both
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Parasitism
Beneficial to one but harmful to the other
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Blood, lymph, spinal fluid, and internal tissues and organs are free of ______
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Microflora of the skin
- Bacteria or fungi
- 30 kinds
- Most common=Staphylococcus
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Number and variety of microorganisms in Microflora depend on:
- Amount of moisture
- PH
- Temp
- Salinity
- Presence of chem waste
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Define Carriers
Have virulent pathogens in nose or throat but do not have the disease caused by pathogen
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Lower respiratory tract is usually free of ____
microbes
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What is microbial antagonism?
- Microbes VS Microbes
- Some microbes are beneficial bc they prevent others from becoming established
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Define Opportunistic Pathogens
They "hang around" waiting for opportunity to make you sick!
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The balance of microflora can be upset by:
- Antibiotics
- Chemo
- Changes in PH
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Bacteria and yeasts used to stabilize the microbial balance are called ______
Biotherapeutic agents/ Probiotics
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Biofilms
- Compex communities
- Variety of of diff species
- Secrete a "gooey" polysaccharide
- EX: dental plaque
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Biofilms grow in tiny clusters called ____
microcolonies
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Why are biofilms medically significant?
- They form on urinary caths and medical equip.
- Can cause disease
- ex: endocarditis
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Microbes commonly associated with biofilms
- Yeast
- Candida albicans
- Bacteria such as staph
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Biofilms are very _____ to antibiotics and disinfectant
RESISTANT
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Why are biofilms resistant?
The bacteria produce diff types of proteins that may not be produced by bacteria in pure culture
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What is a synergistic infection?
- 2 or more organisms team up to produce a disease neither could cause alone
- also called a polymicrobial infection
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The cell
Fundamental unit of any living organism
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The cell contains:
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane
- Dna
- Ribosomes
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Charcteristics of life
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Metabolism
- Cell support
- Movement
- Transmort of nutriens and waster
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Describe Eucayotic cells
- Double membrane bound nucleus with DNA
- NUCLEUS
- Contain membrane bound organelles
- EX: animals, plants, protozoan, algae, fungi
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Describe Procaryotic cells
- NO NUCLEUS or other membrane bound organelles
- EX: Bacteria
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Bacteria are divided into 3 major Pheontype categories
- Gram-Neg- Have cell wall
- Gram-Pos-Have a cell wall
- Those that lack a cell wall
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Procaryotic Cells
- 10x smaller than eucaryotic
- Simple
- Reproduce by binary fission
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Cell membarane of Procayrotic
- Phospholipid bilayer-Selectively Permeable
- Many enzymes are attatched
- Metabolic reactions take place
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Chromosome of prokrayotic
Single long supercoiled CIRCULAR DNA (control center)
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What are plasmids in PRO
Small circular molecules of DNA that are not part of chromosome-Special functions
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Cytoplasma of PRO
- Semi liquid-consists of water, enzymes, waste, nutrients, proteins, carbs and lipids
- Metabolic function
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Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
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Bacterial cell wall
- Defines shape
- Chem complex-Coccus, Bascillus, Spirillium
- Peptidoglycan
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Gram pos bacteria have a ____ layer pf peptidoglycan
Thick
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Gram neg bacteria have _____layer that allows for ____
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Action of Penicillin
Can cause peptidoglycan not to form in reproducing cells-causes cells to burst
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Action of lysozyme
- Attacks living cells-breaks down peptidoglycan-causes cell to burst
- More drastic in gram POSITIVE
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3 Basic categories of bacteria based on shape
- Coccia- Round
- Bacilli-Rod shaped
- Spirillium-Curved and spiral shaped
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Glycocalyx
Slimy gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and extreted outside cell wall
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2 types of glycocalx
- Slime layer-Loosely connected
- Capsule-Organized and firmly connected
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_____ produce slime layer
Pseudomonas
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Capsules serves as an
Antiphagocytic function
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Motile bacteria possess ____
flagella
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Flagella-
Whiplike appendages made of protein called flagellin
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Pili
- Composed of polymerized protein molecules called pilin
- Thinner-Not associated with motility
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Fimbriae
- Hair like structures
- usually gram negative
- Allow bacteria to anchor
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Spores/Endospores
- Time capsule
- Visualized using spore stain
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Sporulation
- spore formation
- NOT reproduction
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Bacterial Growth
- Increase in # of bacteria
- Asexual process
- Continues as long as there is a supply of nutrients water and space
- One divides into 2
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Generation Time
- The time it takes for binary fission to occur
- Increase population by 2
- 1=2, 2-4, 4=8
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Colony morphology includes
- Size
- Shape
- Elevation
- Appearance
Clue to id bacteria
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Environmental factors that inflence growth
- Nutrients
- Moisture
- Temp
- O2 requirements
- PH
- Pressure
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Organisms obtain energy by
Breaking chemical bonds. Nutrients are energy
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Dessication
Drying process
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Ideal temperature is determined by
Enzymes
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Thermophiles
grow best at high temps
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Mesophiles
Grow best at moderate temps
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Psychrophiles
prefer cold temps
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Psychrotrophs
Prefer fridge like temps
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Psychroduric
Warm temps but can endure very cold
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Obgligate Aerobes
Have to have o2
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Microaerophiles
Love a little air
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Obligate anaerobes
Killed by O2
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Aerotolerant anaerobes
do not use o2 but can survive in its presence
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Alkaliphiles
Love base PH less than 8.5
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Obligate acidophiles
Grow at extreme acid PH- Lower than 6
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Bacteria do not like _____ solution
hypertonic
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Plasmolysis
- Cell membrane and cytoplasm of cell shrink away from cell wall
- occurs when bacteria are in hypertonic solution
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Plasmopytsis
- Bacterial cell is placed in hypotonic solution
- It may not burst
- if it does burst cytoplasm escapes
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Haldoduric
Capable of surviving in salt but do not prefer it
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Pathogenic strains of bacteria can be id by the
enzymes they secrete
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Barometric pressure
microbes that can survive in high atmospheric press they are called piezophiles
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Pathogens are able to cause disease bc they possess
- capsules
- pili
- endotoxins
- or they secrete exotoxins and exoenzymes
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Obligate intacellular pathogens
they must live within a host cell/gram negative type
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Mycoplasm
- smallest of cell microbes
- Lack a cell wall
- Pleomorphic-assume many shapes bc of no cell wall
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Primary cause of atypical pneumonia and genetourinary infections
Pathogenic mycoplasms
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