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The peripheral nervous system provides what?
sensory imput
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The peripheral nervous system includes?
motor neurons
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The peripheral nervous system controls what?
autonomic functions
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The central nervous system integrates what?
sensory imputs
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The central nervous system controls what?
cognition
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Which of the following is most highly developed in human brains compared to other mammals?
A. Hypothalmus
B. Left hemisphere
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Midbrain
E. Cerebral cortex
E. cerebral cortex (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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What is most responsible for conscious thought?
frontal lobe
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The part of the brain that controls basal processes is the?
hind brain and midbrain
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The major cell signaling of the nervous system is the what?
neuron
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Cells that form myelin sheaths on axons are?
Glia
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The part of a neuron that is involved in sending outgoing signals is the?
axon
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The part of a neuron that is involved in receiving incoming signals is the
dendrite
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Initiation of an action potential involves what?
Na+ channel opening
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Graded potentials
- Sometimes involve membrane hyperpolarization, Sometimes involve membrane depolarization, Vary in amplitude according to the strength of a stimulus, and Determine whether threshold potential is reached for
- intiating an action potential
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In a resting neuron, the concentration of K+ ions is high inside the cell because why?
- Of the energy provided by ATP, Ion-selective channels allow diffusion of K+, A negative charge inside the cell provides electrical attraction to the K+ ions, and The
- cell membrane is impermeable to Na+ or Cl- ions.
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what is involved in depolarizing a neuronal membrane during an action potential?
Opening Na+ channels
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What is involved in repolarizing a neuronal membrane following an action potential?
Opening K+ channels
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Action potentials are conducted in just one direction
on an axon because why?
Na+ channels are blocked during the refractory period
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Myelination of axons is important because why?
it enhances the speed of neural impulse conductance
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A neurotransmitter
is a signaling molecule that influences membrane potential on its target cell
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Postsynaptic cells
Often contain neurotransmitter receptors
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Presynaptic release of neurotransmitter
Occurs via exocytosis
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A synapse
is a target for some psychoactive drugs and neruotoxins and transmits signals from a neuron to a receiving cell
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Mechanosensors
Produce different frequency of action potentials depending on intensity of a stimulus and Contain stretch-induced ion channels that lead to membrane depolarization when cells are deformed
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In sensory neurons
the amplitude of graded potentials is proportional to the intensity of the input stimulus and the frequency of action potentials is proportional to the intensity of the input stimulus
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We detect tones because differnt sound frequencies do what?
vibrate different parts of the cochlea, which are detected by many mechansensors.
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We dectect motion and postion becaue why?
hair sensory cells detect the direction of fluid movement in our ears
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Folding of the mimosa (sensitive plant) leaves in response to touch is triggered by what?
action potential
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A neurotoxin that stimulated acetocholine release would most likely cause what?
muscle cramping
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Glucagon does what?
promotes fat breakdown
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Insulin does what?
triggers glucose uptake from blood
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The function of insulin and glucagon are examples of what?
hormonal maintainence of homeostasis
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The function of the Thyroid hormone in amphibian morphogenesis is an example of what?
hormones coordinating activities in distant parts of an organism
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The control of the pituitry secretions by the hypothalamus is an example of what?
integration of neural and hormonal systems
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The proper sequence of events in amphibian metamorphosis is controlled by what?
differential sensitivity to increasing thyroid hormone concentration
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The differencial responses to different tissues to thyroid hormone in amphibian metamorphosis might attribute to what?
Different cells express different transcription factors that regulate expression of different genes in response to thyroid hormone
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Auxin does what?
Promotes initiation in peristems, inhibits lateral bud outgrowth, and is controlled by transporters
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The promotion of leaf initiation at localized sites of
meristems is controlled by
- localized patterns of auxin transport controlled by
- PIN proteins
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The hardness of vertebrates bones is due to what?
mineralization of the extracellular matrix
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cross-bridges form between ____ and ___ during muscular contraction.
actin and myosin
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Which of the following does NOT happen during a muscle contraction?
A. The myosin heads pull the thin filaments toward the
B. The thick and thin filaments shorten
C. The myosin heads bind to actin
center
d. The sarcomere shortens
e. The myofibril and the muscle shorten
B. The thick and thin filaments shorten (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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What would happen to a myofibril if ATP were depleted from a muscle cell?
Myosin could not release from actin
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When during a muscle contraction sequence is ATP hydrolyzed to provide power?
Reactivation of myosin heads
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In a normal resting myofibril, what determines whether
a contraction will occur?
the exposure (availability) of myosin binding sites on the actin fibers
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Calcium in skeletal muscles does what?
Regulates avalability of myosin binding sites on actin
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How do neurons establish differential concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell?
Active transport
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How is Ca2+ concentrated in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Active Transport
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An action potential in a muscle cell
Triggers calcium release in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Muscle relaxation requires what?
ATP, calcium pumps, blocking myosin binding sites on actin filaments, and muscle cell membranes to be at resting potential
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Neuromuscular junctions involve what?
an axon terminal, acetylcholine, and ligand grated ion channels
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