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Equity theory
The idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions.
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Expectancy theory
Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome.
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Extrinsic reward
Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions.
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Goal-setting theory
The idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions.
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Hawthorne effect
The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied.
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Hygiene factors
In Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased.
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Intrinsic reward
The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals.
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Job enlargement
A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment.
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Job enrichment
A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself.
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Job rotation
A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another.
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Management by objectives (MBO)
Peter Drucker's system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review and evaluation of objectives among top and middle level managers, supervisors, and employees.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs.
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Motivators
In Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction.
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Principle of motion economy
Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions.
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Reinforcement theory
Theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to have in certain ways.
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Scientific management
Studying workers to find the most efficient way of doing things and then teaching people those techniques.
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Time-motion studies
Studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task.
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