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Tflexser
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Agency shop agreement
Clause in a labor-management agreement that says employers may hire nonunion workers; employees are not required to join the union but must pay a union fee.
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
An organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues; founded in 1886
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Arbitration
The agreement to bring in an impartial third party (a single arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators) to render a binding decision in a labor dispute.
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Bargaining zone
The range of options between the initial and final offer that each party will consider before negotiations dissolve or reach an impasse.
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Certification
Formal process whereby a union is recognized by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) as the bargaining agent for a group of employees.
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Closed shop agreement
Clause in a labor-management agreement that specified workers had to be members of a union before being hired (was outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947).
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Collective bargaining
The process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management agreement, or contract, for workers.
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Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)
Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955.
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Cooling-off period
When workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations.
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Craft union
An organization of skilled specialists in a particular craft or trade.
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Decertification
The process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them.
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Givebacks
Concessions made by union members to management; gains from labor negotiations are given back to management to help employers remain competitive and thereby save jobs.
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Grievance
A charge by employees that management is not abiding by the terms of the negotiated labor-management agreement.
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Industrial unions
Labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining.
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Injunction
A court order directing someone to do something or to refrain from doing something.
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Knights of Labor
The first national labor union; formed in 1869.
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Lockout
An attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business.
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Mediation
The use of a third party, called a mediator, who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute.
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Negotiated labor-management agreement (labor contract)
Agreement that sets the tone and clarifies the terms under which management and labor agree to function over a period of time.
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Open shop agreement
Agreement in right-to-work states that gives workers the option to join or not join a union, if one exists in their workplace.
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Primary boycott
When a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy the products of a firm involved in a labor dispute.
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Right-to-work laws
Legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop, to join or not join a union if it is present.
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Secondary boycott
An attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm that is the subject of a primary boycott; prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act.
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Sexual harassment
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other conduct (verbal or physical) of a sexual nature that creates a hostile work environment.
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Shop stewards
Union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests on a daily basis.
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Strike
A union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work; the purpose is to further workers' objectives after an impasse in collective bargaining.
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Strikebreakers
Workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved.
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Union
An employee organization that has the main goal of representing members in employee-management bargaining over job-related issues.
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Union security clause
Provision in a negotiated labor-management agreement that stipulates that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues to the union.
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Union shop agreement
Clause in a labor-management agreement that says workers do not have to be members of a union to be hired, but must agree to join the union within a prescribed period.
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Yellow-dog contract
A type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of employment not to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932.
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