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what is the study of animal behavior with emphasis on the behavioral patterns that occur in natural environments
ethology
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what is evolutionary behavioral homology?
we share behaviors and their underlying genes with common ancestors,
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what is instinctual behaviors?
genetic cause for many behaviors
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instinctual behavior has what characteristics?
- -largely genetic
- -triggered by specific stimuli
- -produce specific behaviors
- -does not involve learning
- -involves sign stimuli
- -inate releasing mechanisms produce fixed action pattern
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what is sign stimuli
Environmental factors that evoke instinctual behavior
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what is an inate releasing mechanism?
genetically determined neural networks that when triggered by a sign stimulus, produce a specific behavior called a fixed action pattern (FAP)
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define learning
the process of developing a behavioral response based on experience
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What are the different types of learning?
- -conditioning
- -habituation
- -latent
- -imprinting
- -insight
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what is conditioning?
- -Associative learning
- - Learned behavioral response to a novel or substituted stimulus
- - Uses reward as a basis for learning
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what are the types of conditioning
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what is classical conditioning?
- - is passive; learns a new stimulus to trigger the existing behavior
- -Pavlov’s dog experiments
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what is operant conditioning?
- -The animal must perform an act (behavior) in response to a stimulus to get the reward
- - The reward follows the behavior, not the stimulus
- - It is an active process; the animal must do something specific to get the reward
- - The animal learns to associate the reward with the behavior
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what is the difference betweeen conditioning being generalized or discriminating?
- -Generalized conditioning occurs when the animal responds to similar stimuli (dog salivates in response to any colored light)
- - Discriminating conditioning occurs when animal responds to a specific stimulus (dog salivates to blue, but not red light)
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what is Habituation (acclimation/nonassociative learning) learning?
learning not to respond to a stimulus
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what is latent learning?
learning in the absence of a an immediate reward
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what is imprinting learning?
- -a rapid learning that occurs only at specific stages of development
- - Imprinting occurs by the types of learning discussed already, but is influenced by genetics, development, hormones, and other factors
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what is insight learning?
when an animal solves a problem without experience, without trial and error, the animal solves the problem or practices trial and error in its mind.
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what is memory?
-the storage and retrieval of information
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what is the anatomical-physiological change that accompanies learning
engram
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what are the two types of memory?
- -short term memory
- -long term memory
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where is memory first stored and how long does it last there?
Information is first stored in short-term memory where its neurological effects last about an hour, after which the system will return to normal (one forgets).
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what is consolidaton?
when memory is shifted within the first hour and its engram forms
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how is short term memory created?
by “reverberating” circuits of neurons. These circuits include positive feedback loops that increase the activity of certain stimuli.
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which type of memory does and does not leave an engram?
short term memory does not leave an engram. long term memory does produce an engram.
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what isthe difference between proximate and ultimate causation?
- -Proximate causes are the immediate causes for a behavior – the sign stimuli, physiological, and psychological factors that result in behavior
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what are some common behaviors among animals?
- -foraging behavior (search for food)
- -communication
- -aggression
- -territorial
- -inactivity
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what does it mean for an animal to be a generalist?
able to eat different types of food. they lear from learning not by instict.
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what does it mean for an animal to be a specialist?
able to feed on only a very specific type for food.
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what kinds of things are communicated
- -emotional
- -sexual
- -identity
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how do animals communicate visually?
- -coloration
- -movement
- -posture
- -eye contact
- -facial expression
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how do animals communicate?
- -visually
- -sound
- -chemically
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how can chemicals be used to communicate
- -pheramones (sexual)
- -fear
- -territorial
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what is the difference between iterspecific aggression and interspecific aggression?
- -intraspecific is usually ritualistic
- -interspecific usually includes predation or territorial defense
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what are some important things is social dominance hierarchy?
- -self awarness
- -aggression
- -individual recognition
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what are the types of inactivity?
- -hybernation-slow doew metabolism and lowering of body temp. for extended period of time. GYE
- -dormancy-mild slowing of metabolism with arousal for eating and drinking GYE
- -estivation-reduced activity due to temperature. no GYE
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what are circadian rythems?
- Circadian rhythms are 24-hour day-night behavioral and physiological cycles that are genetically based for all species – these rhythms are very difficult to change substantially, or for long periods of time.
- -nocturnal
- -diurnal
- -crepuscular (dawn and dusk)
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