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- author "Jason"
- tags "Psychology"
- description "Developmental Psychology"
- fileName "Psych 32 Chap 1-4"
- freezingBlueDBID -1.0
- Freud
- Oral, Anal, Phillac, Latency & Genital staes of development
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Cutural Cognitive Development
Vygotsky
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Ecological Human Development
Bronfenbernner
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Plasticity
A capacity to change
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Context
A setting in which development occurs such as school or neighborhood
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Normative age graded influence
A way in which context influences development which are associated by events that are similar for a particular age group
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Normative history-graded influences
Common influences shared by people of similar generations because of historical impact
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Non-normative life influences
A context influence that is characterized by unusual occurances that had a major impact on someone's life
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Culuture
Context consisting of behavior patterns, beliefs and products of a particular group passed down from generation to generation
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Cross-Culture
Studies that compare 2 or more culutures
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Theory that Psycho-social crisis resolution impacted the development of a individual
Erikson's Theory
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Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
Theory of Four stages of Universal Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
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A person's position in society based on occupation, education and economic status
Socioeconomic status
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The devolpmental period from conception to birth
Prenatal period
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The developmental period from birth to 2 years
Infant Period
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Devrlopment period from 40 to 60: concerns for next generation to reach goals
Middle Adult
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Transition period from childhood to early adulthood: phyical, primary & secondary sexual changes
Adolescence
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A way of measuring age by numerical years from birth
Chronological
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Measuring age by health of vital organs
Biological Age
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Conceptualizing age based on adaptive capacity of others in the same chronological age
Psychological age
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Controversy between biological vs environmental development
Nature-Nuture issue
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Controversy between Quantitative (fluid) vs Qualitative (stagelike) development
Continuity vs Discontinuity
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Theory
An interrelated, coherent set of idea that helps explain behavior and make predictions
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Jean Piaget's stage between birth to 2 years. (thinking)
Sensorimotor stage
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Jean Piaget cognitive developmental stage between 7 to 11 (logic)
Concrete Operational Stage
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Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental stage between adolescense through adulthood (abstract)
Formal Operational stage
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Results learned from reinforcement and punishment
Operant
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Perspective in which we can only scientifically study what is directly observed or measured
Observational Learning
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A method where one person is studied extensively
Case Study
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A research design that allows one to describe the strenght of a relationship between two variables; cause and effect can not be determined
Correlation research
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A research design that allows someone to confidently make statements regarding causr and effect
Experimental research
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Developmental design in which people of different ages are studied at the same time
Cross-sectional approach
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Developmental design where the same poeople are studied over time
Longtitude approach
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A group of people born on a specified timespan whom experienced similar cultural and historical events
Coherent
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Five Characteristics of the Life-Span L
Persective
- 1. Development is Lifelong
- 2. Multidimentional
- 3. Multidirectional
- 4. Multidisciplinary
- 5. Contextual
- 6. Plastic
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Eight Life-Span Developmental Periods
- 1. Prenatal
- 2. Infancy (0 - 2)
- 3. Early Childhood (2 - 5)
- 4. Middle & Late Childhood (6-11)
- 5. Adolescence (10 - 22)
- 6. Early Adulthood (23 - 39)
- 7. Middle Adulthood (40-60)
- 8. Late Adulthood (60 >)
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Three ways to Conceptualize age
- 1. Biological
- 2. Chronological
- 3. Psychological
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Bronfenbrenner's 5 Environmental Systems of Ecological Theory
- 1. Microsystem
- 2. Mesosystem
- 3. Exosystem
- 4. Macrosystem
- 5. Chronosystem
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Research aimed to Observe and Record behavior
Descriptive Resaearch
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Research aimed to describe the strength between 2 or more variables
Correlation research
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Experiment in which one or more factors are manipulated while all other factors remain constant
Experimental research
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Erickson's 8 Stages of Pyschosocial Development
- 1. Trust vs Mistrust : infancy (0 - 1)
- 2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (1-3)
- 3. Initiative vs Guilt : (3 - 5)
- 4. Industry vs Inferiority : (6 - 11)
- 5. Identity vs Identity Confusion (12-20)
- 6. Intamacy vs Isolation (21 - 39)
- 7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40 - 59)
- 8. Integrity vs Despair (60>)
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"Survival of the fittest" perspective
Evolution Psychology
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A complex molecule with a double helix shape, that contains genetic information
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Threadlike structures containing DNA. Arranged in 23 pairs
Chromosones
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Short segmemts of DNA located on the chromosone containing heredity information
Gene
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The observable traits of an individual genetic make-up
Phenotype
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The interaction of many different genes to produce an inherited characteristic
Polygenic inheritance
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A chromosone abnormalty on the 21st chromosone
Down Syndrome
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A sex linked chromosomal disorder in females in which the x chromosome is missing a partially deleted. Resulting in short stature, webbed neck and infertility
Turner Syndrome
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A genetic disorder occuring mostly in African Americans in which red blood cell have an abnormal shape
Sickle-cell anemia
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A heredity-environment correlation in which individuals seek out environments that are consistent with their genetic make-up
Active (niche-picking) genotype environmenral correlation
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What is the prenatal development period from 2 - 8 weeks.
Embryonic period
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The prenatal development period from 2 - 7 months
The Fetal Period
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What is the prenatal period that takes place the first 2 weeks after conception
The Germinal Period
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Organogenesis
The name given to the process of organ formation during the first 2 months
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It contains 2 arteries and a vein connecting the baby to the placenta
The umbilical cord
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Oxygen, water, salt, food, carbon dioxide and other matrrial intertwine between mother and baby through this life-support system
Placenta
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A prenatal test designed to assess whether the fetus is developing normally throug higj-frequency sound waves
Ultra sound
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A prenatal test in which amniotic fluid is withdrawn by a syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorder
Amniocentesis
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Any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes of the developing baby
Teratogen
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Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of cosciousness, modify perception and change mood
Psychoactive drugs
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A cluster of abnormalities that appears in offspring of mothers who drink heavy amounts of alcohol while pregnant
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
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A kind of drug used in the late stages of labor and during expulsion of baby to block consciousness in a part of the mothers body
Anesthesia
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A kind of drug used to stimulate contractions in a pregnant woman
Oxytocin
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Position in which the buttocks emerge first during labor
Breech position
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A delivery in which the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision in her abdomen
Cesarean delivery
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Used to assess a newborn's health by evaluating heart rate, body color, and reflec irritability
APGAR scale
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Low Birth Weight infant
An infant weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds
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An infant born 3 or more weeks before the pregnancy has reached full term
Preterm
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Skin to Skin contact holdong of a baby
Kangaroo Care
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The period immidiately after childborth in which the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically
The "Critical Period"
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Involution
The process in which the uterus returns to prepregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth
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A major depressive episode that typically occurs 4 weeks after delivering a baby
Postpartum Depression
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Three ideas in Evolutionary Psychology
- 1. Adaptation
- 2. Reproduction
- 3. Survival of the Fittest
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4 Genetic disorders associated with Sex chromosome abnormalities
- 1. Down Syndrome
- 2. Klinefelter Syndrome
- 3. Fragile X Syndrome
- 4. Turner Syndrome
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Passive genotype environmental cortelation
Parents create/manipulate environment to increase a likely outcome
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Evocative genotype-environment correlation
Children emulate charcteristics from their parent which is a direct correlation to the type of environment they've experienced
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Active genotype-environment correlstion
Children seek out environments they find compatible & stimulating
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Endoderm
The embryo's inner layer of cells which develop into the digestive and respiratory system
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Ectoderm
The outermost layer which will become the nervous system, sensory receptors and skin parts
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Mesoderm
Middle layer which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscle excretory system and reproductive system
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3 Life Support systems for devolpment during the Embryonic period
- 1. Amnion
- 2. Umbilical cord
- 3. Placenta
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3 Factors that infuence the severiry of damage due to a teratogen
- 1. Dose
- 2. Genetic susceptibility
- 3. Time of exposure
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5 General catergories of Teratogens
- 1. Drugs
- 2. Incompatible blood types
- 3. Environmental pollutants
- 4. Infectious disease
- 5. Nutritional defeciency
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Effects of Nicotine on a Fetus
- SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- Preterm Births
- Cardiovascular problems
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3 Environmental Hazards that can endanger a Fetus
- 1. Radiation
- 2. Other Pollutants
- 3. Toxic waste
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2 Paternal factors that can impact fetal development
- 1. Chemical exposure
- 2. Smoking
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The 4 Methods of Delivery
- 1. Medication
- 2. Natural Child birth
- 3. Prepared Childbirth (Lamaze Method)
- 4. Water birth
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APGAR score Evaluation
- 1. Heart rate
- 2. Respiratory effort
- 3. Muscle tone
- 4. Body color
- 5. Reflex irritability
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3 Types of Low birth weight infants
- 1. Low birth weight - 5 1/2 lbs <
- 2. Very Low birth weight - 3 lbs <
- 3. Extremely Low birth rate - 2 lbs <
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Consequences of Low birth rate
- 1. Extremely preterm : 28 weeks <
- 2. Very preterm : 33 weeks <
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The earliest growth always occur at the top-head with physical growth from top to bottom
Cephalocaudal pattern
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The sequence in which growth starts at the center
Proximodistal Pattern
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Tiny gaps between 2 or more neurons
Synapse
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A reflex when an infants cheeks ate stroked
The rooting reflex
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Built in reactions to stimulate newborn's movement
Reflexes
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Reflex to a sudden intense noise or movement
Moro reflex
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Skills that involve large muscle activity
Gross motor skills
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Skills that involve finely tuned movements such as drawing or painting
Fine motor skills
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The interpretation of information that has been sensed
Perception
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A decrease responsiveness to stimuli that had been repeatedly presented
Habituation
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According to Piaget, Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
Schemes
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According to Piaget, the process in which chidren adjust their current schemes to take in new information or experiences
Accomidation
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According to Jean Piaget, children use existing schemes to process new information
Assimilation
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Piaget's concept to explain when the environment is inconsistent with the current scheme
Disequilibrum
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Piaget's theory of grouping isolated behavior into a higher-order cognitive system
Organization
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According to Piaget, this is the stage where chidren construct an understanding of their world by coordinating sensory experiences w/ physical, motoric actions
Sensorimotor stage
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According to Piaget, the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
Object permanence
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Memory without conscious recollection. Includes menories of skilled and routine procedures ex. Crawling
Implicit menory
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Memory of facts & experiences that one consciously knows ex...the capitol of the United States
Explicit memory
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Most adult remember little or nothing during their first 3 years of life
Infantile memory
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The basic unit of sound in a language; the smallest unit of sound that affects meaning
Phonomes
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Long vowel sounds that babies make about 1 to 2 months of age. Usually made from the back of the tbroat to express pleasure
Cooing
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Sounds that babies make at 6 months
Babbling
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2 or more short uterances that children use at 11/2 to 2 years old
Telegrahic speech
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An area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in language
Broca's area
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An area in the left hemisphere of the brain that is involved with language comprehension
Wernicke's area
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5 factors that can contribute to a baby dying of SIDS
- 1. Mal-Nutrition
- 2. Lying face down
- 3. Cigarrette smoking
- 4. Soft bedding
- 5. Sleeping w/ pacifier
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5 benefits of breast feeding
- 1. Appropriate weight gain
- 2. Lower risk of SIDS
- 3. Fewer gastrointestinal infections
- 4. Lower risk of respiratory track infection
- 5. Lower risk of child obesity
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3 situations in which mothers are advised not to Breast-feed
- 1. Mother has AIDS
- 2. Mother has active turberculosis
- 3. Mother is taking drugs
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4 Types of Baby reflexes
- 1. Blinking
- 2. Grasping
- 3. Rooting - turns head, opens mouth and begins sucking
- 4. Stepping
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A type of cry that is associated with a onset of loud crying without any preliminary moaning followed by breath holding
Pain cry
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A smile in response to an external stimulus
Social smile
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A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli
Reflexive smile
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An infant's fear of strangers, it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life
Stranger anxiety
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An infant's distressed reaction when caregivers leave
Separation protest
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Analyzing emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
Social reference
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The ability to inhibit, or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reaction
Temperament
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A temperant classification, according to Alexander Chess & Stella Thomas that includes children who are generally in a poaitive mood- establish regular routines and adapt easily to new experiences
Easy Child
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A temperament in which a child reacts negatively, cries frequently and is slow to acceptance
Difficult Child
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A temperament in classification in which a child has a low activity level, somewhat negative and a low intensity of mood
Slow to Warm Child
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The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands in which a child must cope
Godness to Fit
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A close emotional bond between infant and caregiver
Trust
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An observable measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, seperations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger
Strange situation
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An attachment classification in which the infant's behavior in the Strange situation leads him to explore the playroom when the care giver is present and midly protest when the caregiver leaves
Security attachment babies
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A Strange situation classification in which the infants do not explore the playroom and often cries loudly when the caregiver leaves the room
Insecure resistant babies
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An attachment classification in the Strange Situation in which the babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver and are not upset when the caregiver leaves the room
Insecure avoidant babies
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Socialization that is bidirectional; children and parents socialize together
Reciprocal
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3 Types of cries that have been identified with babies
- 1. Basic Cry
- 2. Anger Cry
- 3. Pain Cry
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3 Types of temperament (Thomas & Chess, 1991)
- 1. Easy Child
- 2. Difficult Child
- 3. Slow to Warm Child
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4 Phases of attachment
- 1. Birth to 2 months - attached to parents
- 2. 2 to 7months - attach focuses on 1 figure
- 3. 7 to 24 months - baby actively seeks out contact from caregiver
- 4. 24 months onward - baby is aware of others
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4 Types of attachments
- 1. Securely Attached babies
- 2. Insecure Avoidant babies
- 3. Insecure Resistant babies
- 4. Insecure Disorganized babies
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