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WBC- white blood cells
Norm- 5,000-10,000
- Increased count - Infection, Leukemic neoplasia
- trauma, stress, tissue necrosis , inflammation
Decreased count- Drug toxicity, bone marrow failure, overwhelming infections, dietary deficiency, autoimmune disease, bone marrow infiltration,
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RBC - Red blood cell count
- Norm- m= 4.7- 6.1
- fm=4.2-5.4
Increase from- Hight altitude, congenital Heart disease, Polycythemia vera,dehydration, cor pulmonale, pulmonary fibrosis, thalassemia trait, severse COPD
Decreased from- Hemmorrage , hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinopathy, advanced cancer,bone marrow failure, leukemia, Renal disease, pregnacy, dietary deficiency
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Hgb-Hemoglobin
Increase- congenital heart disease, Polythemia vera, Hemoconcentration of the blood, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, high altitudes, severe burns, dehydration
Decrease- Anemia, hemmorage, hemolysis, Hemoglobinopathics, Nutritional deficiency, lymphoma, lupus, kidney disease, chronic hemorrhage, neoplasia
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NA+- Sodium
- Norm- 135-145
- Increase from- recent trauma, surgery, shock, anabolic steriods, antibiotics, corticosteroids, cough medicines, laxatives, oral contraceptives, estrogens
Decrease from- ACE inhibitors(for hight blood pressure), captopril, carbamzepine, diuretics,heprin, NSAIDS, sodium free IV fluids, tryciylics antidepressants
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serum osmo levels
285-295
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K+ Potassium
Norm- 3.5-5.0
- Increase- Movement of foreare with a tourniquet.
- Hemolysis of blood during venipunture causes increases levals, drugs, aminocaproic, acid , antibiotics, antineoplastics, captopril, heprin,histamine,lithium ..etc
Decrease- Drugs, actazolamine, aminosalicylic acid, insulin, laxatives, asprin, penicillian (high doses)
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CL- Chloride
Norm-98-106
Increase levels - excessive infusions of saline, Drugs acetazolaminde, ammonium chloride, nsaids, estrogens,
Decrease- Drugs, aldosterone, bicarbonates, corticosteriods, cortisone, hydrocortisone,loop diuretics, triamterene,
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Ca+ calcium
norm-9.0-10.5
Increase leves- vit d intoxication, excessive ingestion of milk, Drugs alikaline antiacids, androgens, calcium salts, ergocalciferol, hydralazine, lithuim, thiazide direutics,parathyroid horomone (PTH), VIT D, decrease in PH.
Decrease levals- Hypoalbuminememia, drugs asprin, heparin, diurectics, corticosteroids. Renal failure, Hyperparathroidism, Rickets, alkalosis, fat embolism, Vit d deficiency, malabsorption
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BUN
Blood urea nitrogen 7-18
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ck-mb
- Creatine kinase -mb <6 Normal
- They begin to rise 4-6 hrs after a heart attack
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urine output per hour
30 ml
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urine gravity
1.010-1.025
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