Bio Unit VI

• Kidneys (have nephrons)
• Ureters - connects kidneys to bladder
• Urinary Bladder- Stores urine, composed of smooth muscle (females have smaller capacity)
• Urethra- B Muscular tube that connects urinary bladder to an external opening. Sphincter muschles are under voluntary control and allow us to choose when we want to pee

Blood supply is brought in through a network of capillaries called the Glomerulus . A cupe like structure surrounds the glomerulus called the bowmans capsule. A series of tubes extends from the capsule proximal tubule--> the the loop of henle--> the the distal tubule-->collecting duct

• *With more ADH presence, the collecting duct is more permeable to water and therefore urine is more concentrated.
• *With ADH absent, salt is reabsorbed without water and urine is more dilute
• *ADH is secreted when solute concentrations in blood are high (you need more water)

External sphincter is involved in voluntary and internal sphincter is involuntary

• Renal failure- Acute- Low blood pressure, large kidney stones, infections, severe injuries, and toxic drugs Chronic - leads to long term irreversible damage
• Kidney Stones- minerals crystalize
• UTI- microbes and/or infection present in any part of the urinary system.

• A) Testes
• B) Testosterone

• A) Egg production occurs before a woman is born.
• B) Fimbraie are finger like projections that help move the egg to the oviduct.
• C) Old follicle enlarges and becomes yellow in color( known as corpus luteum) which secretes progesterone and degenerates if pregnancy does not occur.

• Female: FSH stimulates the follicle to secrete the hormone estrogen. It also helps toward regulating the menstrual cycle. LH levels surge and triggers ovulation. LH also turns the follicle into a corpus luteum; this corpus luteum will then release progesterone
• Males:FSH, along with testosterone, is needed for production of sperm. LH triggers testes to produce and secrete testosterone for sperm production.

• Male
• 1. Excitment:pleasurable sensations from the penis=Erection (blood fills)
• 2 . Plateau: occurs when arousal continues as a result of additional stimuli
• 3. Orgasm- reflex act that accomplishes ejeaculation (release of semen)
• 4. resolution- the erection goes down, breathing and heart rate return to normal

• 1. Excitment- blood cessels in labia, clitoris, and nipples are dialated and labia becomes lubricated
• 2. Platue
• 3. Orgasm consists of rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions but is not required for fertilization and varies more widely in intensity, duration and frequency then in males
• 4. resolution -back to normal

• Some sperm stay alive for up to 5 days
• Egg is fertilized in oviduct.

• Most effective= abstinense
• Least effective= Withdrawal and periodic abstinence

• IUD- Inserted into uterus, cause chronic inflammation preventing implantation
• Diaphragm- latex covers cervical opening and prevents sperm from entering uterus
• Sponge- blocks cervix and has spermicide

• males- low testosterone levels, immune disorders that attack sperm, radiation, drugs such as anabolic steroids, and diseases such as mumps and gonorrhea
• Female-
• *Pelvic inflammatory disease: bacterial
• infection that causes scarring of reproductive organs
• *Endometriosis: endometrial tissue grows
• up oviduct and implants on other organs
• *Age related infertility: run out of eggs
• and/or have many damaged eggs by mid forties
• *Spontaneous abortion: miscarriage; when
• pregnancy occurs but fails to thrive

into an oviduct immediately after collection

• Bacterial= Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia
• Viral=HIV (virus that causes AIDS), hepatitis B, and genital herpes and warts.

•Chlamydia is the common of all STDs

•Syphilis is the most dangerous

•Know your partner -monogamous relationships are the best defense against STDs