Bio Unit VI

  1. Names and functions of the urinary organs
    • Kidneys (have nephrons)
    • Ureters - connects kidneys to bladder
    • Urinary Bladder- Stores urine, composed of smooth muscle (females have smaller capacity)
    • Urethra- B Muscular tube that connects urinary bladder to an external opening. Sphincter muschles are under voluntary control and allow us to choose when we want to pee
  2. Structures of a Nephron
    Blood supply is brought in through a network of capillaries called the Glomerulus . A cupe like structure surrounds the glomerulus called the bowmans capsule. A series of tubes extends from the capsule proximal tubule--> the the loop of henle--> the the distal tubule-->collecting duct
  3. How ADH control dilute vs concentrated urine
    • *With more ADH presence, the collecting duct is more permeable to water and therefore urine is more concentrated.
    • *With ADH absent, salt is reabsorbed without water and urine is more dilute
    • *ADH is secreted when solute concentrations in blood are high (you need more water)
  4. Which sphincters are involved in voluntary vs involuntary urine release
    External sphincter is involved in voluntary and internal sphincter is involuntary
  5. Causes for the following urinary problems or diseases: renal failure, kidney stones, urinary tract infections
    • Renal failure- Acute- Low blood pressure, large kidney stones, infections, severe injuries, and toxic drugs Chronic - leads to long term irreversible damage
    • Kidney Stones- minerals crystalize
    • UTI- microbes and/or infection present in any part of the urinary system.
  6. A) Name of male reproductive organ responsible for producing sperm and B) name of male hormone responsible for male econdary sex characteristics
    • A) Testes
    • B) Testosterone
  7. A) When does egg production occur in women? B)What are fimbraie? C) What happens to the cells of the follicle after ovulation?
    • A) Egg production occurs before a woman is born.
    • B) Fimbraie are finger like projections that help move the egg to the oviduct.
    • C) Old follicle enlarges and becomes yellow in color( known as corpus luteum) which secretes progesterone and degenerates if pregnancy does not occur.
  8. Role of FSH and LH in males and females
    • Female: FSH stimulates the follicle to secrete the hormone estrogen. It also helps toward regulating the menstrual cycle. LH levels surge and triggers ovulation. LH also turns the follicle into a corpus luteum; this corpus luteum will then release progesterone
    • Males:FSH, along with testosterone, is needed for production of sperm. LH triggers testes to produce and secrete testosterone for sperm production.
  9. Stages of human sexual response (male)
    • Male
    • 1. Excitment:pleasurable sensations from the penis=Erection (blood fills)
    • 2 . Plateau: occurs when arousal continues as a result of additional stimuli
    • 3. Orgasm- reflex act that accomplishes ejeaculation (release of semen)
    • 4. resolution- the erection goes down, breathing and heart rate return to normal
  10. Stages of sexual response (female)
    • 1. Excitment- blood cessels in labia, clitoris, and nipples are dialated and labia becomes lubricated
    • 2. Platue
    • 3. Orgasm consists of rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions but is not required for fertilization and varies more widely in intensity, duration and frequency then in males
    • 4. resolution -back to normal
  11. How long can sperm live in female reproductive tract? Where, in the female, does fertilization occur?
    • Some sperm stay alive for up to 5 days
    • Egg is fertilized in oviduct.
  12. Which birth control is most effective and least effective
    • Most effective= abstinense
    • Least effective= Withdrawal and periodic abstinence
  13. Understand how an IUD, diaphragm and sponge work to prevent pregnancy
    • IUD- Inserted into uterus, cause chronic inflammation preventing implantation
    • Diaphragm- latex covers cervical opening and prevents sperm from entering uterus
    • Sponge- blocks cervix and has spermicide
  14. What contribute to male and female infertility?
    • males- low testosterone levels, immune disorders that attack sperm, radiation, drugs such as anabolic steroids, and diseases such as mumps and gonorrhea
    • Female-
    • *Pelvic inflammatory disease: bacterial
    • infection that causes scarring of reproductive organs
    • *Endometriosis: endometrial tissue grows
    • up oviduct and implants on other organs
    • *Age related infertility: run out of eggs
    • and/or have many damaged eggs by mid forties
    • *Spontaneous abortion: miscarriage; when
    • pregnancy occurs but fails to thrive
  15. How does GIFT help solve fertility issues?
  16. The egg and sperm are inserted directly
    into an oviduct immediately after collection
  17. Which STDs are viral vs bacterial?
    • Bacterial= Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia
    • Viral=HIV (virus that causes AIDS), hepatitis B, and genital herpes and warts.
  18. Which is the most dangerous STD? the most common?
    •Chlamydia is the common of all STDs

    •Syphilis is the most dangerous
  19. What is the best means to prevent the spread of STDs?
    •Know your partner -monogamous relationships are the best defense against STDs
Author
chole
ID
152186
Card Set
Bio Unit VI
Description
Bio 107 Unit VI
Updated