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Names and functions of the urinary organs
- Kidneys (have nephrons)
- Ureters - connects kidneys to bladder
- Urinary Bladder- Stores urine, composed of smooth muscle (females have smaller capacity)
- Urethra- B Muscular tube that connects urinary bladder to an external opening. Sphincter muschles are under voluntary control and allow us to choose when we want to pee
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Structures of a Nephron
Blood supply is brought in through a network of capillaries called the Glomerulus . A cupe like structure surrounds the glomerulus called the bowmans capsule. A series of tubes extends from the capsule proximal tubule--> the the loop of henle--> the the distal tubule-->collecting duct
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How ADH control dilute vs concentrated urine
- *With more ADH presence, the collecting duct is more permeable to water and therefore urine is more concentrated.
- *With ADH absent, salt is reabsorbed without water and urine is more dilute
- *ADH is secreted when solute concentrations in blood are high (you need more water)
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Which sphincters are involved in voluntary vs involuntary urine release
External sphincter is involved in voluntary and internal sphincter is involuntary
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Causes for the following urinary problems or diseases: renal failure, kidney stones, urinary tract infections
- Renal failure- Acute- Low blood pressure, large kidney stones, infections, severe injuries, and toxic drugs Chronic - leads to long term irreversible damage
- Kidney Stones- minerals crystalize
- UTI- microbes and/or infection present in any part of the urinary system.
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A) Name of male reproductive organ responsible for producing sperm and B) name of male hormone responsible for male econdary sex characteristics
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A) When does egg production occur in women? B)What are fimbraie? C) What happens to the cells of the follicle after ovulation?
- A) Egg production occurs before a woman is born.
- B) Fimbraie are finger like projections that help move the egg to the oviduct.
- C) Old follicle enlarges and becomes yellow in color( known as corpus luteum) which secretes progesterone and degenerates if pregnancy does not occur.
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Role of FSH and LH in males and females
- Female: FSH stimulates the follicle to secrete the hormone estrogen. It also helps toward regulating the menstrual cycle. LH levels surge and triggers ovulation. LH also turns the follicle into a corpus luteum; this corpus luteum will then release progesterone
- Males:FSH, along with testosterone, is needed for production of sperm. LH triggers testes to produce and secrete testosterone for sperm production.
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Stages of human sexual response (male)
- Male
- 1. Excitment:pleasurable sensations from the penis=Erection (blood fills)
- 2 . Plateau: occurs when arousal continues as a result of additional stimuli
- 3. Orgasm- reflex act that accomplishes ejeaculation (release of semen)
- 4. resolution- the erection goes down, breathing and heart rate return to normal
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Stages of sexual response (female)
- 1. Excitment- blood cessels in labia, clitoris, and nipples are dialated and labia becomes lubricated
- 2. Platue
- 3. Orgasm consists of rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions but is not required for fertilization and varies more widely in intensity, duration and frequency then in males
- 4. resolution -back to normal
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How long can sperm live in female reproductive tract? Where, in the female, does fertilization occur?
- Some sperm stay alive for up to 5 days
- Egg is fertilized in oviduct.
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Which birth control is most effective and least effective
- Most effective= abstinense
- Least effective= Withdrawal and periodic abstinence
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Understand how an IUD, diaphragm and sponge work to prevent pregnancy
- IUD- Inserted into uterus, cause chronic inflammation preventing implantation
- Diaphragm- latex covers cervical opening and prevents sperm from entering uterus
- Sponge- blocks cervix and has spermicide
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What contribute to male and female infertility?
- males- low testosterone levels, immune disorders that attack sperm, radiation, drugs such as anabolic steroids, and diseases such as mumps and gonorrhea
- Female-
- *Pelvic inflammatory disease: bacterial
- infection that causes scarring of reproductive organs
- *Endometriosis: endometrial tissue grows
- up oviduct and implants on other organs
- *Age related infertility: run out of eggs
- and/or have many damaged eggs by mid forties
- *Spontaneous abortion: miscarriage; when
- pregnancy occurs but fails to thrive
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How does GIFT help solve fertility issues?
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The egg and sperm are inserted directly
into an oviduct immediately after collection
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Which STDs are viral vs bacterial?
- Bacterial= Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia
- Viral=HIV (virus that causes AIDS), hepatitis B, and genital herpes and warts.
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Which is the most dangerous STD? the most common?
•Chlamydia is the common of all STDs
•Syphilis is the most dangerous
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What is the best means to prevent the spread of STDs?
•Know your partner -monogamous relationships are the best defense against STDs
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