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autocrine
produced and released into ecf.signal acts on same type of cell
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paracrin
produced and released into ECF. signal acts on diff kinda cell
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neurohormone
made by neuron released into blood. travels via blood to target tissue
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neurotransmitter
made by neuron-released into synaptic cleft. binds to cell or 2nd neuron
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hormone
released by cell/gland travel to target tissue via blood
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pheromone
released into enviroment affect other members of same species
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patterns of hormone secretion chronic
- relatively stable blood levels all the time
- ex thyroid hormone(T3 T4)
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patterns of hormone secretion cycle
- increase/decrease@regular invals
- ex hormones that trigger ovulation
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patterns of hormone secetion acute
- increase in response to stimulus
- ex insulin
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changes in receptors over time receptors
on target tissue specific # of receptors can change
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changes in receptors over time down regulation
down # receptors usually due to low blood level
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changes in receptors over time up regulation
high # in receptors due to 1) blood level of hormone 2)binding of hormone #1 cause an increase in receptors for hormone #2
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anterior pituitary is also known as the
adenohypophysis
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posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis (releases 2 neurohormones)
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hypophyseal portal system
network of capillaries-connect hypothalamus 2 anterior pituitary
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hormones produced by paraventricular nucli of hypothalamus
adh
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hormones produced by supraoptic nucli of hypothalamus
oxytocin
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4 pro-opiomelanocortin hormones
- melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH, lipotropin,
- B-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic H ACTH.
- Pro-opiomelanocordon(come from a precurser protein)
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the steps involved in the production of thyroid hormones
- 1) iodine ions trasported into follicle*gets from diet usually salt
- 2)combine Iodine w.thyrosine (Iodinate the thyrosine)
- this producesmonoiodinethyronine-T(1 Iodides)
- diiodothronine-T2(two Iodides)
- 3)T1 and T2 sent into center of follicle
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cause of diabetes insipidus
deficiency in ADH production(lack of)*large amount of dilute urine *excess thirst
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type 1 diabetes aka juvinile diabetes
failure to make insulin (insulin injection)
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type 2 diabetes
- make insulin but receptors don't work correct
- (USUALLY MAKE PLENTY OF INSULIN but their receptors can't use it. obesity "adult onset"
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ADRENAL ANDROGENS
- TARGETbone&muscle in kids &women
- EFFECTbone growth in kids and women up muscle mass.(no effect on men its a weak form of testosterone)
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Released:anterior pituitary
- Target:adrenal cortex
- Effect:up release glucocorticoids
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ALDOSTERONE
- Released:zona glomerulosa
- Target:kidney and salt receptors
- Effect:increased reabsorption of sodium,secretion of potassium &hydrogen eat salty food (reabsorb more H2O)
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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
- R:posterior pituitary produced (hypothalamus released post oituitary)
- T:collecting duct,thirst center(hypothalamus)
- E:up H2O reabsobtion,down urine output,up thirst
- (up blood vol and up blood pressure)
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BETA ENDORPHIN
- R:anterior pituitary
- T:Brain
- E:decreases pain awareness (morphine) improves mood
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CALCITONIN
- R:thyroid hormones(parafolicular)
- Tbones and kidneys
- Edecreased osteocast activity&increased osteoblast activity,increased secretion of calcium at kidneys. (released when blood ca2+ levels r high. end result is a decrease in blood ca2+)
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CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)
- R:hypothalamic
- T:anterior pituitary
- Eincreased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
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cortisol
- Released by zona fasiculata
- Target most body tissues
- Effect protein breakdown in muscle,increased gluconeogensis,lipolysis,resistance to stress,anti-inflammatory effects,suppress the immune system.
- down inflammation overtime suppress immune system
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estrogen
- released by ovaries
- target tissue most cells
- effect development of female genitals,development&maintainence of secondary sexual charteristics,regulation of menstral cycle.
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follicle stimulating hormone FSH
- RELEASED ANTERIOR anterior pituitary
- TARGET TISSUE males:nurse cells of testies females ovulation follicles
- EFFECT maturation of cells,molecules mature and estrogen secretion
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GLUCAGON
- RELEASED BY pancreatic islets
- TARGET TISSUE liver,muscle,adipose
- EFFECTincreased uptake&use of glucose,increased glycogen(up gluconeogensis&up glucogen breakdown)=up in glucose
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gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH)
- RELEASED BYhypothalamic
- TARGET TISSUEanterior pituitary
- EFFECTincreased release of follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)&Lutenizing hormone(LH)
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Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GIH)
- RELEASED BYhypothalamus
- TARGET TISSUEanterior pituitay
- EFFECTdecreased release of growth hormone
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Growth Hormone Releasing hormone (GRH)
- R:hypothalamus
- T:anterior pituiaty
- E:increase release of human growth hormone
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HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- TARGETcorpus luteum
- EFFECTmaintains Corpus Luteum and causes an increase in progesterone secretion
- SECRETIONmaintains uterine lining
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Human Growth Hormone (hCg)
- TARGET all cells
- EFFECT growth(kids) growth in skin,hair and nails
- Fat breakdown,decrease synth of glycogen(increases glucose) increase glucogens(up in blood glucose)
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Inhibin
- RELEASEDnurse cells,ovaria follicles
- TARGETanterior pituitary,
- EFFECT*on nurse cells*(Inhibits)production FSH down sperm production
- *ovaria follicles* decreased secretion of (FSH)
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Leptin
- RELEASEDadipose
- TARGET TISSUE brain
- EFFECTregulation of appitite
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Lipotropin
- RELEASED BYanterior pituitary
- TARGET TISSUEadipose
- EFFECTincreased fat breakdown
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LUTEINIZING HORMONE(LH)
- RELEASED BYanterior pituitary
- TARGET:MALES target intersitual cells in testes FEMALEStarget ovarian follicles
- EFFECTmales production of testosterone
- females trigger ovulation up progesterone secreion
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
- RELEASEDanterior pituitay
- TARGETmelanocyte
- EFFECTincrease production of melanin (usually due 2 sun exposure)
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melatonin
- RELEASEDpineal gland
- TARGETbrain
- EFFECTinhibits production of GnRH(down production)
- prolonged secretion can cause depression ciradian-sleep/wake cycles(make melodine when its dark out)
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oxytocin
- RELEASEDposterior pituitary
- TARGETuterus,mammary glands
- EFFECTS up uterine contractions (pitocin is synthetic form) released and milk is increased
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pancreatic polypeptide
- RELEASED Fcells
- TARGET pancreas& gallbladder
- EFFECTdecreased pancreatic secretions & decreased contraction of
- gallbladder*decreased glass bladder contraction* *down bile release*
- *decreased secretion of digestive secretion of pancreas*
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Parathyroid Hormone
- RELEASEDparatyroid glands
- TARGETbones,kidneys,and small intestines
- EFFECTincreased osteoclast activity,increased absorption of calcium in small intestine,decrerased secretion of kidneys
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prolactin
- released anterior pituitary
- TARGETmammary gland
- EFFECTup milk production and may inhibit ovulation
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progesterone
- RELEASEDcorpus luteum
- TARGETmost cells
- EFFECTprepairs uterus 4 implantation,development of secondary sexual charteristics
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Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
- RELEASED hypothalamic
- TARGETanterior pituitay
- EFFECTdecrease release of prolactin
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prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
- RELEASEDhypothalamic
- TARGETanterior pituitary
- EFFECTincrease release of prolactin
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RELAXIN
- RELEASEDendocrine secretion&other tissues
- TARGETpubic symphysis
- EFFECTrelaxation of connective tissues
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RESISTIN
- RELEASEDadipose
- TARGETliver
- EFFECTdown sensitivity 2 insulin,up adipose=up resistance=type 2 diabetes
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SOMATOSTATIN
- RELEASEDdelta cells
- TARGETalpha&beta cells
- EFFECTInhibition of the production of insulin&glucagen
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T3 AND T4
- RELEASEDthyroid hormones
- TARGETall cells
- EFFECTSincreased metabolic rate,increase in body temp,growth of bone,teeth and hair,permissive effect on HGH
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testosterone
- RELEASEDintersitial cells
- TARGETmost cells
- EFFECTincrease sperm production,development of males genitalia,development & maintainence of secondary sexual charteristics
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Thyrois stimulating hormone(TSH)
- released hypothalmic
- TARGETthyroid
- EFFECTup production T3/T4
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thyropin releasing hormone(trh)
- RELEASED hypothalmic
- TARGETanterior pituitary
- EFFECTincreased release of human growth hormone
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