Bio annex

• To protect a new plant during the embryo stage
• To disperse off-spring to new locations away from thier parents

Seeds and fruit

To attract animals to eat the fruit containing the seeds so the seeds will be distributed

Seeds

Vascular plants that did not produce seeds

Swimming sperm that require a film of water for fertilization

In the warm, humid climate of the late Paleozoic era

ferns

teh gametophyte stage

• Eggs in archegonia
• Sperm in antheridia
• Located on the lower surface of the plant

Roots, horizontal underground stems called rhizomes, and long, often highly divided leaves called fronds

On the lower surgafes of fronds

The clusters of sporangia found on the underside of fronds undergo mieosis to create haploid spores. The haploid spores drop off the leaves into the ground and form a gametophyte. On the gametophyte is the antheridium and archegonia. The antheridium undergoes mitosis to create sperm and the archegonia undergoes mitosis to create eggs. Sperm swim to eggs and fertilize them to create a zygote that grows into the sporophyte.

Gymnosperms