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complete metamorphosis
- There are 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult.
- The larva goes thro various molting stages to turn into an adult.
- The body is enclosed in the pupa.
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incomplete metamorphosis
Larva turns into adults thro various molting stages without the pupa
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What is modular in insects
Most insects have 3 body parts the head, the thorax and the abdomnen
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Eg of modular insects
grasshopper
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type of genes that affect modular body of insects at a time? and how do they affect development of appendages?
in insects homeotic genes control how diff genes are expressed in diff segments. These give rise to 3 distinct body parts. They may affect one body part and leave the rest unchanged
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Name three ways that insects’ color patterns have become useful adaptations.
- camouflage and thus disguise itself to resemble twigs, leaves, bird droppings.the hawk moth resembles the snake.
- moths and butterflies have eye spots that resemble vertebrate eyes
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What type of genes control eyespots
homeotic genes
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Echinoderms: Phylum is
echinodermata
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Phylum Echinodermata is for
Echinoderms
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ex. of Echinoderms:
sea anemones, sea urchins, sea star.
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how do Echinoderms move, fast or slow
slow
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symmetry in Echinoderms
bilateral
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HOW do we kow that echinoderms are not related to cnidarians
the Echinoderm have bilateral symmetry which is not available in cnidarians
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echinodermata means
spines on sea star, sea urchin.
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echinoderms have endoskeleton or exoskeleton
endoskeleton
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what is the water vascular system in echinoderms
these are tube feet that are water filled canals
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How do echinoderms move
tube feet
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contrast skeleton of echinoderms and arthropods
echinoderms have endoskeleton while arthropods have a exoskeleton
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how do sea stars feed
it grasps its food using tube feet. the sea star then pushes the stomach inside out, and pushes the prey through the mouth the sea star then digests the soft body parts
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ex of chordates
(Tunicates, Lancelets, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals)
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four features do chordate embryos (and often adults) possess?
dorsal hollow nerve chord, post anal tail, notocord, pharyngeal slits, notochord.
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two chordate groups are called invertebrates? What do they lack?
tunicates and lancelets. they lack a backbone
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How do adult Tunicates feed?
they feed using pharnygeal slits as they are suspension feeders.
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four features do lancelets possess?
dorsal hollow nerve chord, post anal tail, notocord, pharyngeal slits, notochord.
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how do tunicates feed?
Tunicates feed by drawing water in through the inhalent siphon. The water passes through the pharynx where small particles are filtered out, it then leaves through the exhalent siphon.
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Why are tunicates often called sea squirts?
they shoot out water in the form of a jet through the siphon when they are threatened
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it was estimated that we would have number of genes
100,000 genes
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but we have genes to account to our complexity
21,000 genes
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number of genes are found in fruitflies
14,000
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y old genes learn new tricks.”
the body building genes are sophisticated and have sophisticated instructions that lets them turn on or off certan genes. (the DNA sequence that controls gene expression)
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which chordate does not have a brain
tunicate
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chordates with a head are called
craniates
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what encloses the brain
skull
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the skull protects the
brain
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what encloses the nerve cord
vertebrae
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vertebrae encloses the
nerve cord
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is vertebrate sketelon endoskeleton or exoskeleton
endoskeleton -vertebrata
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heirarchy of mammals
chordates, craniates, vertebrates, jawed vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes
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What character do sharks, rays, and all the subsequent lineages share?
the have a jaw
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Hagfishes and Lampreys lack
hinged jaws
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Why are hagfishes described as craniates rather than vertebrates?
no vertebral colum but have a notochord.
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which one called the vertebrate (hagfish/lampreys)
lampreys
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how do hagfish feed?
hagfish: They enter the prey through an existing hole or by making a hole using sharp toothlike sharp structures that tear flesh.
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which is the oldest vertebrate
lampreys
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lampreys are (see its mouth tell you how it feeds)
parasitic
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how do lampreys feed
they feed by attaching to the side of the fish and then using the tongue to penetrate the skin and feed on blood and tissues.
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ex: Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins
sharks, ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes.
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hinge jawed vertebrates
amphibians, skin, shark, birds, fish
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Chondrichthyes means are and belongs to phylum
flexible skeleton made of cartilage, chordates
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Agnatha are belongs to phylum
jawless fish, chordate
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Class Chondrichthyans, phylum is
chordate
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sharks, rays belong to phylum
chordates,
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ex of s Chondrichthyans
sharks, rays
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The largest sharks and rays both tend to feed on
plankton
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sharks are fast swimmers
because of stream lined body
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Hunting sharks have on their heads to detect
electrosensors, muscle contract by nearby animals
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what is the lateral line system in sharks help
changes in water pressure and minor vibration generated by body of animals that arfe swimming by
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rays are also known as
sting rays
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where do sting rays swim
bottom of the ocean.
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Ray finned fishes are supported by
thin skeletal rays
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how many gill slits do chondrichthyans have
5 most of them
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ray finned fish have number of gills
5
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sharks have number of gills
5
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function of operculum in ray finned fish
they allow the fish to breath without swimming by moving the operculum. the operculum houses the gills.
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what is swim bladder in ray finned fish? how does it help. what did it evolve from?
a gas filled internal sac. it helps them with bouyancy. from balloon like lungs
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what might balloon like lungs hv helped ancestors of ray finned fish
exchange gases in shallow water
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Lobe finned fishes ex
lungfish, tetrapods
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coelacanth is an ex of
Lobe finned fish
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Lobe finned fish have fins that are
muscular,
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Lobe finned fishes have bones that are shaped as (spears, rods)
rods
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tetrapods are (jawed/jawless) vertebrates and have(........) weight
jaw, limbs to support their
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Tetrapods branch of lobe-finned fish gave rise to............ which then gave rise to ___________, ___________, and _____________.
amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles
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the main fossils for the tetrapod lineage were(Eusthenoptera, Ichthyostega, Acanthostega)
Eusthenoptera
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Eusthenoptera lived in (water, mud)
water
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Ichthyostega live on (water /land)
land and water
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Ichthyostega has the following two adaptations for living on land:
well developed front limbs and powerful shoulders and finger like bones
well developed back limbs and powerful shoulders and finger like bones
welll developed front and back limbs and finger like bones
well developed front limbs and powerful shoulders and finger like bones
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tiktaalik has (shoulders, neck, powerful fingers)
neck
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how do Ichthyostega and tiktaalik breathe
by help of a neck that they can lift up to get air.
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similarities between d Ichthyostega and d Acanthostega
neck , 4 limbs with fingers and toes
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Acanthostega live on (water/land)
water
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how did Acanthostega breath
by raising its head above water and breathe oxygen from air.
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Tiktaalik limbs
were not sturdy enough to walk on land.
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how do Tiktaalik breath
by raising its head above water as it has a neck it can taken in oxygen
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