Medical Micro Lecture 2 - Sheet1.csv

Gram negative cocci. Contains one family. Neisseriaceae and 15 genera. Common Neisseria Species N. gonorrhoeae. N. meenigitidis. N. sicca. N. mucosa. Pus forming. Diplococci. Coffee bean shaped.

Gonococci. Opa (opacity) proteins attachment to host cell. Bind human transferrin (lactoferrin) will bind to host and steal iron. IgA protease enzyme that destroy proteins. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) Gram negative covering Main factor for damage. Por (porin protein OM) allows intracellular survival. Pili (intial attachment to host cell). Betalactamase

"The pilli allow attachment to microvillus and is taken in via endocytosis. Transmission is through sexual transmission. Enter into host cells and can be taken in by macrophages but can survive inside cells. Main attachment is in cervix cells

Sexally transmitted. Asymptomatic carriage is major reservoir. Complications in femalse of 10-20 percent. Is under reported. Presents differently between male and females. Can be transmitted to the throat via oral sexual contact. Direct or indirect contact with sexual organs.

High right after single exposure. Can be asymptomatic infections frequently not diagnosed. MAJOR RESERVOIR IS ASYMPTOMATIC. Vaginal discharge 7 to 21 days after exposure. Can lead to PID chronic infection can lead to sterility. Can be transmitted to infant at delivery (silver nitrate).

Painful burning urination. Yellow and green discharge. Have acute disese with obvious systoms. Rare complications.

Spread or disperse septicemia. skin. and joint infections.

Measure of True Positive Rate. No of true positives/No. of actual positives. No of true positives/no of (true postivies + false negatives)

Meaure of true negative rates. No of true negatives/No of actual negatives

Gram stain of discharge that shows gram negative diplococcus with a coffee bean shape. Can also use chocolate media to grow N. gonorrhea. It is a media with lysed red blood cells. Can also use a muller hinton agar mixed with chocolate agar along with antibiotics to help isolate N. gonorrhoeae

N. gonorrhoeae natural competence changes antigenic composition (naturally transformable). Is diploid has two sets of chromosomes. Most strains now resistant to penicillin. so use ciprofloxacin. CDC recommends ceftriaxone. No effect vaccine. Chemoprophylaxis. Control is mainly public education on safe sex practices and treating infected individuals

POLYSIALIC ACID CAPSULE (is an antigenic mimicry. looks similar to host and helps to avoid immune system). Bind human transferrin. lactoferrin. IgA protease. Lipooligosaccharide gives antigenic variation (LOS). Pili.

Crosses blood-brain barrier. Effects young children under the age of 5 (primarly). Very hard to diagnosis in very young babies. Is transmitted via close contact in aerosol (very hard to contract). Second most common cause of meningits behind S. pneumoniae.

Specific receptors (GD1) for bacterial fimbriae on nocilliated columnar epithelial cells in nasopharynx of host. Taken up intracellurally and repilicate to avoid immune system. Produce endotoxin lipid A. This LIPID A cause the inflammation and most damage. Human only natural host.

GRAM STAIN of sterile CSF. Few host cells. Note bacteria and host cells. About 10 percent of people are healthy naso-pharyngeal carriers. Culture from CSF. blood. and sputum

Humans only host. Person to person transmission by aerosolization and respiratory tract secretion in crowded contidtions. Highest rate in children younger than 5 years.

There are conjugate vaccines made by attaching antigen to carrier protein. Is a polyvalent vaccine against the N. meningitidis.

About half the children or adutls with meningoccal meningitis have rash that does not fade. The pressure test shows the rash does not fade under pressure.

disseminated septicemia. characterized by petechial skin leisons. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Usually a complication of a prior respiratory tract infection. Prognosis is good.

Large number of encapsulated small gram-negative diplococci can be seen microscopically in cerebrospinal fluid. Transparent non pigmented nonhemolytic colonies on chococlate agar with enhanced growth in moist atmosphere with 5 percent CO2. OXIDASE POSITIVE. Acide production from glucose and maltsose but not from other sugars.

Susceptible to penicillin and cephalosporin. Vaccine available. Polyvalent vaccine.

Aerobic. Gram negative cocci often arranged in paris with adacent sides flattedned like coffee beans. Oxidase positive. Nonmotile. Acid from oxidation of carbohydrates. not from fermentation.

Suborder Corynebacterineae. Has seven families with many know gernera such as Corynebacterium. Mycobacterium. nocardia. CMN Group

contain waxes with 60 to 90 CARBON MYCOLIC ACID. Acid-fast basic fuchsin dye cannot be removed from cell by acid-alcohol treatment.

Along with Rhodococcus make up the family Nocardiaceae. Develope a stubstrate of mycelium that readily breaks into rods and coccoids elemtns. Look very similar to fungi. Some also form a aerial mycelium. Slow groing (3-5days). AERIAL MYCELIM help to identify it.

Most are free-living saprophytes. Can degrade many molecules. Some are opportunistic pathogens causing nocardiosis. USUALLY INFECT LUNGS. can infect central nervous system.

CORD FACTOR. Protects them from phagocytosis. CATALASE AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (allows them to survive harmful oxygen products)

Supperative infections. Pus forming infection. Normally causes chronic infections. Main disease is Bronchopulmonary disease (can spread to CNS). Can cause brain abcesses. Or Cutaneous infections (mycetoma slow growing fungal infection that is localized)

Microscopy of sputum samples. Culture on BCYE (buffered charcoal yeast extract). and elevated CO2. ID via rRNA and housekeeping genes. TREATMENT. treat localized infection with sulfa drugs. if disseminated use cephalosporin (broadspectrum).

Genes that code for essential functions. Are constutive genes which are always expressed at a constant level

Primarily infects horses. Can be found in the environment (soil). Very rarely infects humans. Are intracellular bacterium with rod to coccus are pleomorphic.

1. Abscessses. inflammation (granulomas collection of walled off bacteria by macrophages). 2. Can be invasive and cause pulmonary disese. dissemination to lymph nodes. meninges. skin. COMMON CAUSE OF PHEUMONIA IN ANIMALS. RARE IN HUMANS PRIMARILY IMMUNOCOMPROMISED (AIDS). Does respond to antibiotic treatment VANCOMYOSIN.

In family mycobacteriaceae. Are straight or slightly curved rods that sometimes branch or form filaments. Aerobic and catalase positive. Acid fast (long mycolic acid chains). High G +C in their DNA content. Very slow growers. Can be pigmented or not.

Lipid rich cell wall. Are poly peptides in the cell wall (PPD). Have mycolic acid.

Causes tuberculosis in cattle and other ruminants.

Are species of Mycobacterium that when exposed to light will enhance their pigmentation. Are NTM (non-tuberculosis mycobacterium). MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII will change color on middlebrook agar

Mycobacteria pathogenic for humans are differentated by these groups. Are done by speed of growth and production of chromogenic pigment.

1.7 billion people infection. About 8.4 million cases and 1.9 million deaths per year. Most cases are from foriegn born ethnic groups. Is spread in close proximities by airborn droplets.

Primary TB. Secondary TB. or reactivation of TB. Pulmonary TB. Lumph node. CNS menigits. skeletal joints. Miliary TB (micro lesions on lungs seen on Xray)

Microscopy of sputum with an acid fast stain. Chest Xray of the lungs. The tubercuol skin test (PPD). Myocbacterium tuberculosis has mycolic acid which makes it difficult to treat. Must be done with long regiments of antibiotics.

Cant culture in lab. Humans and armidillos are only known species to host the bacteria. Can use mice feet for culturing. Is very slow growing and makes it very difficult to diagnosis.

More server form of the disease. Causes skin condition of macules. Macule is a skin pale lession that is raised or malformed. Not well defined. different sizes. Less than 5 to 10 mm in size. Causes teh decrease of activation of T-helper 1 cells to help clear the disease. REDUCED T-HELPER 1 CELLS. Has increased number of bacteria in this infection

Less severe form of leposry. Characterized by single lesions. Have a white pigmentation.

Is grown on lowenstein jensen media and middlebrook 7H10. Is a slow grower. Is found in sputum. BACTEC broth made specifically for rapid growth. (up to 10-12 days).

Intracellular pathogen. Found in immunocompromised peole (AIDS). Located in lungs. Called MAC mycobacterium avium complex

First line drugs. ISONIAZID (IHN). Rifampin. pyrazinamide (PZA). ethanmbutol. Is a vaccine for TB but is not normally given in US.

1. Active TB. 2. Positive PPD test.

Supsecpted resistance treat with 4 or more 1st line drugs. Resistance developes use 2 new drugs (kanamycin and quinolones). Long term treatment over 2 years. Very expensive and toxic. Drug resistance is increasing as a world wide phenomenon.