-
penicillin V
penicillin G
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: penicillins
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Narrow-spectrum type: for sensitive strains of streptococci, meningiococci and spirochetes
-
Dicloxacillin
Nafcillin
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: penicillins
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- penicillinase-resistant type: for staphylococcal infections (i.e. acute endocarditits and osteomyelitis), skin and soft tissue infections
- bacteria resistant to these are termed MRSA
-
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Piperacillin
ticarcillin
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: penicillins
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- Extended-spectrum type:
- Aminopenicillins are used on streptococci and some enterococci; Amoxicillin largely used for RTI's (OM, sinusitis, bronchitis, community pneumonia).
- Antipseudomonal types (piperacillin...) are for a range of gram + and -
- All are becoming increasing combined with beta-lactase inhibitors (clavulanate, sulbactam).
-
cephalexin
cefazolin
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: cephalosporins
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- 1st Generation:
- cephalexin: skin/soft-tissue infections from gram + cocci
- cefazolin: for more serious infections, used as a surgical prophylactic for staph and gram - bacilli
-
cefotetan
cefoxitin
cefprozil
cefuroxime
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: cephalosporins
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- 2nd Generation:
- has the same action against gram + but increased activity against gram -
-
cefdinir
cefotaxime
ceftazidime
ceftriaxone
cefepime
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: cephalosporins
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- 3rd generation:
- effective against a wider range of gram - bacilli
- Cefepime is aka a 4th generation as it is used against those that are resistant to other cephalosporins
-
Aztreonam
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: Monobactam
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
useful for infections caused by multi drug resistant strains
-
Imipenem
Meropenem
Ertapenem
Doripenem
- chemotherapeutics: beta-lactam antibiotics: Carbapenems
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- penicillin-like, broad spectrum
- also good for multi drug resistant bacteria
-
Vancomycin
chemotherapeutics: cell wall synthesis inhibitor
used to treat MRSA infections. Also good for C.diff,
-
streptomycin
gentamicin
tobramycin
Neomycin
spectinomycin (Trobicin)
- chemotherapeutics: inhibit protein synthesis
- Aminoglycosides
used with gram - or mycobacterial infections
-
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Tetracycline
Tigecycline (Tyacil)
- chemotherapeutics: inhibit protein synthesis
- Tetracyclines
- used on mycoplasma pneumonia
- can act bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic
-
Clindamycin
chemotherapeutics: inhibit protein synthesis
used on MRSA and penicillin-resistant streptococci
-
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
- chemotherapeutics: inhibit protein synthesis
- Macrolide and Ketolide antibiotics
used on URTI's and pneumonia (community)
-
Cipro (Ciprofloxacin)
Rexar (Grepafloxacin)
Levaquin (Levofloxacin)
Trovan (Trovofloxacin)
- chemotherapeutics: inhibit nucleic acid formation
- Fluoroquinolones
- respiratory infections (bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, etc)
- urinary and gastro infections (cipro and levo)
-
Sulfisoxazole
sulfamethoxazole
sulfadiazine
- chemotherapeutics: inhibit nucleic acid formation
- Sulfonamides: antifolates (inhibit folic acid formation)
used on UTI's, burn/skin infections (silver sulfadiazine)
-
Bactrim
Septra
- chemotherapeutics: inhibit nucleic acid formation
- combined trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
- trimethoprim can be used alone on prostatitis and vaginitis but is mainly combined with a sulfa drug to make it bacteriocidal and more potent
- used on UTI's and protatic infections, some resp infections (pneumocystitis carinii in AIDS)
-
Isotamine (isoniazid)
Rifadin (Rifampin)
Myambutal (Ethambutol)
Tebrazid (Pyrazinamide)
Streptomycin
- Anti-TB agents: 1st line drugs
- use in combinations: orders depend on degree on infection and +/- resistance to rifampin/isoniazid
-
Rifamate
Rifater
- Anti-TB agents: 1st line drugs
- manufactured combinations
- Rifamate (Isoniazid + Rifampin)
- Rifater (Isoniazid + Rifampin + Pyrizinamide)
-
Rifabutin
Rifapentine
Fluoroquinolones
cycloserine
ethambutol
amikacin
azithromycin
Anti-TB agents: 2nd line drugs
used in combinations in cases of resistant strains (or on pt's who are immunocompromized, i.e. Rifabutin)
-
Coumadin (warfarin)
- Anticoagulant (antithrombotic)
- Prevents venous thrombi formation; acts like Vit.K
- effects take days to develope
-
Heparin
- Anticoagulant (antithrombotic)
- prevents venous thrombi formation; potentiates endogenous anticoagulant activity
- fast-acting
-
Innohep (tinzaparin)
Lovenox (Enoxaprin)
- Low molecular weight heparins
- anticoagulant (antithrombotic)
- prevent venous thrombi formation
longer duration of action than heparin
-
Asprin (acetylsalicyclic acid; ASA)
- Antiplatlet (antithrombotic), Non-Opiod Analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory
- A nonselective Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
use: pain, fever, inflammation, prophylaxis of MI, stroke and other thromboemolotic disorders.
-
Persatin (Dipyridamole)
- Antiplatlet (antithrombotic)
- used in conguntion with other anticoagulants
- keeps cAMP elevated, blocking platelet function
-
Streptase (streptokinase)
Activase rt-PA (alteplase)
- Thrombolytic (antithrombotic)
- convert plasminogen to plasmin which digests fibrin and other coagulation factors
- use: acute MI
- streptokinase: emboli and DVT's
-
Protamine
- anti-heparin agent
- binds with heparin so it can't bind the AT-III protein anymore.
- on its own, it can have anti-coagulant effects due to it's anti-platlet activity.
-
Flolan (Epoprostenol)
- Pulmonary vasodilator
- mimics prostaglandin, PGI2 or prostacyclin
- Autocoid
- selective dilation of pulmonary vessels used for PPHN or pulmonary HTN from high PVR
- also reduces platlet aggregation
- continuous infusion- life long therapy
-
Revatio (Sildenafil)
- pulmonary vasodilator
- Type 5 PDI
- selective dilation of pulmonary vessels used for PPHN or pulmonary HTN from high PVR
- oral, IV or inhalational
-
Nitric oxide (iNO)
pulmonary vasodilator
- selective dilation of pulmonary vessels used for PPHN or pulmonary HTN from high PVR
- *used for acute pulmonary HTN, refractory hypoxemia or post cardiac transplant
-
normal saline (N/S)
Ringer's lactate (R/L)
Normosol
Crystalloid volume expanders
- use: hypotension due to plasma or blood loss
- preferred for fluid replacement
-
Albumin
Pentaspan (pentastarch)
Colloid volume expanders
- use: hypotension due to plasma or blood loss
- preferred if there is extensive 3rd spacing fluid loss; have high oncotic pressures
-
RBC's
platlets
plasma...
blood products used as volume expanders
use: hypotension due to plasma or blood loss
-
Valium (Diazepam)
Ativan (Lorazepam)
Versed (Midazolam)
Sedatives/Anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines (BZ)
- increase GABA at BZ receptora
- use: anxiety, EtOH withdrawal, muscle relaxant, anti-convulsive, amnesia and sleep
*Midazolam is used for conscious sedation (anethesia) and insomnia- preferred over barbiturates
-
Precedex (dexameditomadine HCl)
- sedative/anxiolytic
- short-acting alpha-2 agonist
use: sedation of intubated patients. Provides "co-operative" sedation= no delirium and doesn't affect respiratory centers.
-
Anexate (Flumazenil)
a benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist
competetive antagonist, reverses BZ effects or OD
-
Luminal (phenobarbital)
Pentothal (Thiopental)
Hypnotics: Barbiturates
- Powerful (rarley used still)
- use: IV anesthesia, anti-convulsive, insomnia. Have anti-analgesic/hyperanalgesic effects and cause Resp depression
-
Noctec (chloral hydrate)
hypnotic
used for pediatric patients as it doesn't cause hyperanalgesia or paradoxical excitement
-
Imovane (zopiclone)
Ambien (zolipedem)
Sonata (zaleplon)
Lunesta (exzopiclone)
sedative-hypnotics
use: insomnia
-
Propofol (Diprivan)
IV anesthetic-hypnotic
- used in the OR and ICU for hypnotic properties. IV induction or pre-anesthetic sedation
- rapid emergence, less hangover effects
-
Etomidate (amidate)
IV anesthetic-hypnotic
use: IV anesthetic for conscious sedation or RSI. for sedation/hypnotic effects without analgesia
-
Ketamar (ketamine)
IV anesthetic-hypnotic
- use: IV anesthetic, produces "dissociative anesthesia." Analgesia, reduced sensory perception, immobility and amnesia
- useful in children
-
Nozinan (methotrimeprazine)
hypnotic: phenothiazine
use: insomnia (esp in ICU with psychosis), anxiolytic, anagesic, neuralgia
-
morphine
Opioid anagesic
use: moderate to severe acute or chronic pain. nebulized morphine used to treat dyspnea in end-stage diseases.
opiods cause respiratory depression
-
Dilaudid (hydromorphone)
opioid anagesic
- use: pain relief and cough supression.
- 10x stronger than morphine; rapid onset and faster duration of action with less hypnotic effects
-
Codeine
opioid analgesic
use: cough supressant, mild-moderate pain (combined with other anagesics)
-
Demerol (Meperidine)
opioid anagesic
- use: second line agent for moderate to severe pain relief
- 1/10 the potency of morphine
-
Dolophine (methadone)
opioid analgesic
use: maintenance of narcotic addicts during heroine or morphine withdrawal
-
Sublimaze (fentanyl)
opioid analgesic
- use: induction and maintenance of general anesthesia
- same effects as morphine but shorter duration and more potent. No adverse CNS effects
-
Sulfenta (sulfentanil)
opioid analgesic
- use: adjuct to anesthsia or as an anesthetic. Useful in cardiac surgery due to its lack of cardiac effects
- 10x more potent than fentanyl
-
Ultiva (remifentanyl)
opioid analgesic
- use: anagesia and anethesia
- 3-5 min duration, decreases ICP, CMRO2 without touching CPP
-
Narcan (Naloxone)
Opioid antagonist (competetive)
causes immediate reversal of OD symptoms
-
Asprin (ASA)
Motrin/Advil (Ibuprofen)
Indocid (Indomethacin)
Non-opioid analgesics: NSAIDS
- inhibit cyclooxygenase pathway (non-selective COX inhibitors)
- Asprin also has anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and anti-platelet properties
- Indocid is used to help close a PDA in neonates
-
Tylenol (acetaminophen)
Non-opioid analgesic: Para-aminophenol derrivatve
use: mild-moderate pain, anti-pyretic, works better on the CNS than the PNS
-
Xylocaine (lidocaine)
Novocaine (Procaine)
Marcaine (Bupivacaine)
cocaine
local anesthetics
- cocaine has good topical effects and its own vasoconstrictor
- lidocaine is a prototype: can be admin parenterally, orally and topically
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