Patho & Pharmo Wk 8 GIT

• Anorexia is a Loss of appetite
• Combined with weight loss
• May have psycholigical reasoning
• Could be an adverse reaction to medication

Nausea is a symptom but is not physical action, it is a patients feeling therefore making it subjective.

• Emesis.
• Vomiting is a protective action by the body via the oral cavitiy. It is the explosion of gastric juices in a forceful manor.

The vomit centre is located in the medulla (mid brain) it coordinates with the GI tract, cerebal cortex, vestibular apparatus and other organs

Motion sickness

Floor of the 4th ventricle

• Nausea
• Pallor (pale face)
• Sweating
• Decrease in BP
• Contraction of the pyloric portion of the stomach
• Relaxation of the cardiac portion of the stomach
• Expulsion of contents by contration of the diaphragm and stomach wall.

• A. Promote sleep
• B. Suppress nausea
• C. Reduce the acidic environment of the stomach
• D. All of the above
• E. None of the above

Blocks serotonin receptors in CNS and GIT feed into the CTZ. As it blocks the receptor this makes it an antagonist

Blocks receptors in the pathway that connects the inner ear to the vomiting centre in CNS

• Neoplasm
• Inflammation
• Ulceration

Haematemesis is vomiting of blood this maybe due to a peptic ulceration or rupture to oesophageal varicosities

• Faecal Blood Loss - Melena If bleeding above ileocecal valve; black tarry stools. If lower then bright red stools
• Occult bleeding - sml amts of blood can only be chemically detected

This is a weakness or malfunction to the lower oesophageal sphinter will result in the feeling of heartburn.

caffine & tobacco

Asprin inhibits the prostaglandin process therefore decreasing the gastric blood flow and possibly disrupting the protective mucosal barrier.

• Mucus
• Bicarbonate
• Blood flow
• Prostaglandins

The reason for using 2-3 Antibotics is because treatment is not affective with only one and the risk of developing antibotic resistance is high.

By blocking the H2 receptors, antagonist

Neutralise stomach acid, adherence to medication instructions due to the increase risk of PUD. Stomach is stimulated to produce more acid and pepsin at lower doses.

IBS needs to have reucrrent symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, bloatedness and altered bowel function for a minimum of 3 months including abdominal pain relieved by defecation.

Stage C is when the cancer metastased in the lymph and as this particular type of cancer symptoms usually occur late in the disease.

Diverticularlitus is where small pockets form on the colon wall and faeces and bacteria become trapped in these pockets and inflammation occurs. These may perferate and faeces may leak into the bloodstream.

A fecalith; which is a hard piece of stool or the twisiting of the lumen are the possible causes of appendicitis.

• A. Perferated appendix
• B. Diverticulum
• C. Peptic Ulcer
• D. Abdominal trauma
• E. All of the above

A gastrin secreting tumour of the pancreas

A bacteria spread during a hospital stay, it can be resistant to antibotics?

• Large volume - Not painful, watery, no blood or pus. Osmotically active particles remain in the stools and draw water into the colon.
• Small volume - Painful, straining of stools. May include blood or pus. Acute or chronic infections such as Ulcerative Colitis or Chron's disease

• Dehydration
• Poor fibre intake
• Haemorrhoids - pain when defication therefore avoiding deficating = constipation
• Drugs - Opiates have a binding side effect
• Neoplasm

• Surfactant - reduces surface tension, increases water in the stools = softer stools
• Osmotic - Indigestible, retaining fluid = softer stools
• Stimulant - Increase GI motility, increase fluid in intestine, increase in peristalsis = softer stools