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daynuhmay
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location of kidneys
- between the abdominal wall and peritoneum
- between T12 and L3
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retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum
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Which kidney is lower? Why?
right; right liver lobe is larger
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locate:
renal hilum
renal capsule
renal column
renal pyramid
5, 9, 17, 1
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locate:
renal papillae
major calyx
minor calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
16, 15, 14, 6, 7
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locate:
renal medulla
renal cortex
renal sinus
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proximal/distal convoluted tubules, descending/ascending loops of Henle, collecting duct, Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, afferent/efferent arterioles
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What type of cells line the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?
simple squamous
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podocytes
- modified simple squamous;
- have pedicels (foot processes) that wrap around glomerular capillaries;
- found in visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
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7 components of a nephron:
- 1) renal corpuscle
- 2) proximal convoluted tubule
- 3) distal convoluted tubule
- 4) descending loop of Henle
- 5) ascending loop of Henle
- 6) collecting duct
- 7) papillary duct
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5 components of a renal corpuscle:
- 1) Bowman's capsule
- 2) glomerulus
- 3) afferent arteriole
- 4) efferent arteriole
- 5) capsular space
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2 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
- 1) macula densa
- 2) juxtaglomerular cells
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identify:
- 1) renal corpuscle
- 2) proximal convoluted tubule
- 3) distal convoluted tubule
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epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal (with microvilli/brush border)
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epithelium of descending loop of Henle
simple squamous
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epithelium of first (thin) section of ascending loop of Henle
simple squamous
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epithelium of second (thick) section of ascending loop of Henle
simple cuboidal to low columnar
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epithelium of distal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal (no brush border)
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epithelium of collecting ducts
simple cuboidal
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label:
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purpose of transitional epithelium
can distend to accomodate urine
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tissue of muscularis
smooth muscle
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epithelium along urethra
- transitional near urinary bladder
- stratified/pseudostratified columnar distally
- stratified squamous near external urethral orifice
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lamina propria tissue
areolar connective tissue
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extensions of the cortex, between each pyramid
renal columns
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apex of each pyramid, pointed toward the renal sinus
renal papilla
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cavity that is adjacent to the medulla and extends to the renal hilus
renal sinus
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label:
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3 processes for urine production:
- 1) filtration
- 2) tubular reabsorption
- 3) tubular secretion
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major site of tubular reabsorption of water & solutes
proximal convoluted tubule
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Which part of the loop of Henle is more permeable to water but not solutes?
descending loop of Henle
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Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water, but permeable to solutes?
ascending loop of Henle
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What ions are reabsorbed in the late distal convoluted tubules?
Na+, HCO3-
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What ions are secreted in the late distal convoluted tubule?
K+, H+
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aldosterone
- causes:
- reabsorption of Na+ & Cl- ions
- secretion of K+
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hormone most important in determining the water content of urine
- ADH
- high -> increase water reabsorption -> concetrated urine
- low -> decrease water reabsorption -> dilute urine
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urinalysis
analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of urine and a measure of urine volume
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specific gravity
the weight of a volume of urine divided by the weight of the same volume of distilled water
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urinometer
measures specific gravity
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range of specific gravity of human urine:
1.001-1.035
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glucosuria
- glucose in urine
- usually caused by diabetes mellitus
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hematuria
- RBCs in urine
- may be caused by inflammation of urinary system organs, kidney disease
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pyuria
- WBCs in urine
- caused by infection in kidney, ureters, bladder, or urethra
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ketonuria
- ketone bodies in urine
- caused by ketosis (cells don't have enough glucose to completely break down FAs) due to starvation/diet, diabetes mellitus
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albuminuria
- excess albumin in urine
- caused by increase in filtration membrane permeability from high BP, kidney trauma, inflammation
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urine volume/concentration change with diabetes mellitus
- increased volume
- increased concentration
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urine volume/concentration change with diabetes insipidus
- increased volume
- decreased concentration
decreased secretion/response of/to ADH
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urine volume/concentration change with Addison's disease
- increased volume
- decreased concentration
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urine volume/concentration change with kidney failure
- decreased volume
- decreased concentration
(kidneys stop functioning)
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proteinuria
- protein in urine
- caused by nephritis, severe anemias, hyperthyroidism
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