-
location of kidneys
- between the abdominal wall and peritoneum
- between T12 and L3
-
retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum
-
Which kidney is lower? Why?
right; right liver lobe is larger
-
locate:
renal hilum
renal capsule
renal column
renal pyramid
5, 9, 17, 1
-
locate:
renal papillae
major calyx
minor calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
16, 15, 14, 6, 7
-
locate:
renal medulla
renal cortex
renal sinus
-
proximal/distal convoluted tubules, descending/ascending loops of Henle, collecting duct, Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, afferent/efferent arterioles
-
What type of cells line the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?
simple squamous
-
podocytes
- modified simple squamous;
- have pedicels (foot processes) that wrap around glomerular capillaries;
- found in visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
-
7 components of a nephron:
- 1) renal corpuscle
- 2) proximal convoluted tubule
- 3) distal convoluted tubule
- 4) descending loop of Henle
- 5) ascending loop of Henle
- 6) collecting duct
- 7) papillary duct
-
5 components of a renal corpuscle:
- 1) Bowman's capsule
- 2) glomerulus
- 3) afferent arteriole
- 4) efferent arteriole
- 5) capsular space
-
2 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
- 1) macula densa
- 2) juxtaglomerular cells
-
identify:
- 1) renal corpuscle
- 2) proximal convoluted tubule
- 3) distal convoluted tubule
-
epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal (with microvilli/brush border)
-
epithelium of descending loop of Henle
simple squamous
-
epithelium of first (thin) section of ascending loop of Henle
simple squamous
-
epithelium of second (thick) section of ascending loop of Henle
simple cuboidal to low columnar
-
epithelium of distal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal (no brush border)
-
epithelium of collecting ducts
simple cuboidal
-
label:
-
purpose of transitional epithelium
can distend to accomodate urine
-
tissue of muscularis
smooth muscle
-
epithelium along urethra
- transitional near urinary bladder
- stratified/pseudostratified columnar distally
- stratified squamous near external urethral orifice
-
lamina propria tissue
areolar connective tissue
-
extensions of the cortex, between each pyramid
renal columns
-
apex of each pyramid, pointed toward the renal sinus
renal papilla
-
cavity that is adjacent to the medulla and extends to the renal hilus
renal sinus
-
label:
-
3 processes for urine production:
- 1) filtration
- 2) tubular reabsorption
- 3) tubular secretion
-
major site of tubular reabsorption of water & solutes
proximal convoluted tubule
-
Which part of the loop of Henle is more permeable to water but not solutes?
descending loop of Henle
-
Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water, but permeable to solutes?
ascending loop of Henle
-
What ions are reabsorbed in the late distal convoluted tubules?
Na+, HCO3-
-
What ions are secreted in the late distal convoluted tubule?
K+, H+
-
aldosterone
- causes:
- reabsorption of Na+ & Cl- ions
- secretion of K+
-
hormone most important in determining the water content of urine
- ADH
- high -> increase water reabsorption -> concetrated urine
- low -> decrease water reabsorption -> dilute urine
-
urinalysis
analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of urine and a measure of urine volume
-
specific gravity
the weight of a volume of urine divided by the weight of the same volume of distilled water
-
urinometer
measures specific gravity
-
range of specific gravity of human urine:
1.001-1.035
-
glucosuria
- glucose in urine
- usually caused by diabetes mellitus
-
hematuria
- RBCs in urine
- may be caused by inflammation of urinary system organs, kidney disease
-
pyuria
- WBCs in urine
- caused by infection in kidney, ureters, bladder, or urethra
-
ketonuria
- ketone bodies in urine
- caused by ketosis (cells don't have enough glucose to completely break down FAs) due to starvation/diet, diabetes mellitus
-
albuminuria
- excess albumin in urine
- caused by increase in filtration membrane permeability from high BP, kidney trauma, inflammation
-
-
-
urine volume/concentration change with diabetes mellitus
- increased volume
- increased concentration
-
urine volume/concentration change with diabetes insipidus
- increased volume
- decreased concentration
decreased secretion/response of/to ADH
-
urine volume/concentration change with Addison's disease
- increased volume
- decreased concentration
-
urine volume/concentration change with kidney failure
- decreased volume
- decreased concentration
(kidneys stop functioning)
-
proteinuria
- protein in urine
- caused by nephritis, severe anemias, hyperthyroidism
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