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Divisions of the Nervous System
- 1.Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord
- 2.Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial and spinal nerves
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PNS Main function
to connect limbs and organs to the CNS
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Divisions of PNS
- 1. Somatic: voluntary muscles
- 2. Autonomic: involuntary muscles; cardiac
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Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
- 1.Sympathetic Nervous System
- 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Sympathetic NS
- 1.Responseto fight/flight
- 2. Stimulation=increase of adrenaline/epinephrine
- Ex. Bear is chasing you
- -Increase heart rate
- -more blood to skeletal muscle
- -less blood to digestive system
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Parasympathetic
- 1. Respond to rest/digest
- 2. Stimulation=increase of acetylcholine
- Ex.just ate dinner
- -Lower heart rate
- -decrease blood to skeletal muscle
- -increase blood to digestion
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Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are mostly __________
mostly cholinergic.
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Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are ___________
noradrenergic
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Sympathetic postganglionic use__________as their neurotransmitter.
norepinephrine
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The sacral region contains preganglionic neurons of the _____
parasympathetic region
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The thoracic and lumbar regions contain_______preganglionic neurons.
sympathetic
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what is a nerve?
a bundle of axons that carries information
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The afferent part of the PNS does what?
carries sensory information to the CNS.
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The efferent part of the PNS does what?
carries information from the CNS to muscles and glands.
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What does the spinal cord do?
- 1. Deliver PNS information between the brain and organs
- 2. Responds by issuing motor commands
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Anatomy of the spinal cord
- 1. Gray matter: Center, contains cell bodies
- 2. White matter: Surrounds gray matter, contains axons
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On dorsal side of spinal cord are_____
afferent nerves
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On Ventral side of spinal cord are ______
efferent nerves
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Spinal reflex
afferent information converts to efferent activity without the brain
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The knee-jerk reflex
- 1. Monosynaptic
- • Stretch receptors send axon potentials through dorsal horn to ventral horn, via sensory axons
- • At synapses with motor neurons in the ventral horn, action potentials are sent to leg muscles,causing contraction
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what are limb movements controlled by?
antagonistic muscle sets
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Flexors do what to the limb?
flex or bend the limb
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Extensors do what to the limb?
straighten or extend the limb
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Relaxtion and contraction coordination is done by
interneurons
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Medulla Oblongata
- 1. Controls Autonomic functions
- -Respiration center
- -cardiac center
- -vasomotor center
- -reflex centers
- 1.Vomiting
- 2.Coughing
- 3.Sneezing
- 4.Swallowing
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Pons used for
- 1.Sleep
- 2.Respiration
- 3.Swallowing
- 4.Bladder control
- 5.Posture
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Midbrain used for
- 1.Vision
- 2.Hearing
- 3.Sleep/wake
- 4.Arousal
- 5.Temperature regulation
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inferior colliculus involved in
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superior colliculus involved in
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cerebellum is used for
- 1.Motor control
- -precision, timing
- 2.Motor learning
- Ex. Pitching
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Spinocerebellar Ataxia
- -condition
- 1. Poor coordination of hands, speech, eye movements
- 2. Unsteady and clumsy motion of the body
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Hippocampus
- 1.Transfers short-term memory to long term memory
- 2.Transfer to cortex for long term processing
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Place cells
neurons in the hippocampus that exhibit a high rate of firing whenever an animal is in a specific location
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HM
- -a pacient diagnosed with severe epilepsy
- -bilaterally removed the hippocampus
- -could no longer hold any new memory
- -good at motor memory
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The Amygdala
1. Critical for Fear and Fear memory
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Patient SM
- 1.Fearless
- -no fear response to live snakes and spiders
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Thalamus
- 1. Relay station
- -every sensory system except the olfactory relays information through the thalamus
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The dominant structure in mammals
The cerebrum
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Cerebral cortex
- 1. a sheet of gray matter covering each hemisphere that is convoluted to fit into the skull
- -Gyri-ridges
- -Sulci-valleys of the cortex ...more surface area
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Association cortex
1. Made up of areas that integrate or associate sensory information or memories
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Temporal lobe
1. Recieves and processes auditory information
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Frontal lobe
- 1. reasoning
- 2. emotions
- 3. Problem solving
- 4.Personality
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Central sulcus (Frontal lobe)
Divides the frontal and parietal lobe
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Primary motor cortex
- 1.Located in front of the central sulcus
- 2.Controls muscles in specific body areas
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
- 1.Touch
- -allowing people to detect and interpret a wide variety of sensations.
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Parietal lobe
- 1.Movement,orientation, recogniton
- 2.Spatial abilities
- 3.Integration of sensory information
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Occipital lobe
- 1.Recieves and processes visual information
- 2. Association areas involve:
- • Making sense of the visual world
- • Translating visual experience into language
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Broca's area
- 1. In frontal lobe
- 2. damage results in slow or lost speech
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Wernicke's area
- 1. In temporal lobe
- 2. Damage results in inability to speak sensibly
- 3. written or spoken language not understood
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Speech travels
- 1.formulated inWernicke’s area
- 2.travel to Broca’s area
- 3.then to the primary motor cortex for production.
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learning
Modification of behavior by experience.
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memory
What the nervous system retains.
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)
describe how synapses become more or less responsive to repeated stimuli.
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Associative learning
occurs when two unrelated stimuli become linked to a response.
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A conditioned reflex
type of associative learning.
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) (bell)
Neutral Stimulus to become associated with the US
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Conditioned Response (CR) (salivation)
Learned response
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US) (food)
Unconditionally and automatically elicits a response
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Unconditioned Response (UR) (salivation)
Unlearned response due to the presentation of the US
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