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kjel
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testcross
the mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a particular character and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that character
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penetrance
the likelihood that an individual with a given gene will express that phenotype
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polygenic inheritance
the inheritance of a phenotypic character in which the expression depends on the effect of many genes
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pedigree
a diagram of a family history that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait over a number of generations
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the phenotype, type A blood, has which genotype(s)?
what type of antibodies are in this type of blood plasma?
- IAIA or IAi
- antibodies against B
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the phenotype, type B blood, has which genotype(s)?
what type of antibodies are in this type of blood plasma?
- IBIB or IBi
- antibodies against A
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the phenotype, type AB blood, has which genotype(s)?
what type of antibodies are in this type of blood plasma?
- IAIBno antibodies in blood plasma
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the phenotype, type O blood, has which genotype(s)?
what type of antibodies are in this type of blood plasma?
- ii
- antibodies against A and B
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codominance
the expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote
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what is the Rh factor?
why is it called "Rh"?
- a different blood antigen
- named for the Rhesus monkey, where this antigen was first identified
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why is Rh positive fetus at risk if it has a Rh negative mother?
what is done to prevent the mother's immune response?
- the mother's body could form antibodies to attack the fetus as if it were a germ; hemolytic disease
- Rho(D); immune Globulin, is injected to suppress the immune response
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what is the ratio of males to females predicted for offspring in a human mating?
1:1
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mutation
any permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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name 5 X-linked recessive disorders
- red-green colorblindness
- hemophilia
- duchenne muscular dystrophy
- androgen insensitivity syndrome
- fragile X mental retardation
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nondisjunction
an accident in meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromotids fail to separate at anaphase
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the karyotype: 47, XXY
phenotype: tall male
underdeveloped gonads, infertile, learning difficulties
are indicative of which syndrome?
Klinefelter syndrome
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the karyotype: 45,X
phenotype: short, female, webbed neck, broad chest
infertile, delayed sexual maturation, reduced intelligence
are indicative of which syndrome?
Turner syndrome
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the karyotype: 47, XXX
phenotype: usually tall female
usually normal sexual development, learning difficulties
indicative of which syndrome?
Trisomy X syndrome
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the karyotype: 47, XYY
phenotype: tall male
normal sexual development, normal intelligence
indicative of which syndrome?
XYY syndrome
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Barr body
- a densely stained mass in the nucleus of the cell that represents the inactive X chromosome(s)
- the total number of Barr bodies in a cell is equal to the total number of Xs minus 1
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X chromosome inactivation
the shutting down of the majority of genes on all but one X chromosome in a cell
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codon
a three nucleotide sequence that specifies a particular amino acid
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name three ways in which DNA differs from RNA
- DNA vs RNA
- deoxyribose vs ribose; sugar
- thymine vs uracil; base
- double vs single; strand
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genetic code
a table that shows which mRNA codons code for which amino acid
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