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When the cell is under stress what are the positive and negative outcomes?
Homeostasis brings the cell back to normal and disease has a negative effect on the cell meaning it is unable to adapt and results in cell death
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What does Atrophy do to the cell?
Decreases in size. This can be from disuse; denervation or decrease in endocrine stimulation. Decreased nutrition or Ischemia.
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Describe cellular Hypertrophy?
This is an increase in cell size, it can be in the skeletal muscle (pumping iron) or cardiac (Enlargement of LV but less contraction space)
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I am overgrowth of epithelial tissue. An example is a wart?
Hyperplasia
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I am a result of chronic irritation/inflammation from an environmental factor. I can the cell type but I am reversible.
Cellular metaplasia
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I am a precursor to cancer. A description of the cells is that they vary in size and shape also organisation?
Cellular dysplasia
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Name the five things that can cause cell injury or cellular death?
- Physical agents mechanical – Impact injuries; temperature or electrical
- Radiation – Ionizing or non ironizing
- Chemical – Drugs and Lead toxicity
- Biological – Virus
- Nutritional – Over (Type 2 diabetes) or under (Anaemia)
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What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death, controlled cell destruction involving the removal of worn cells
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How long does RBC survive for?
40 days
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I am unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components. Phagocyte cells in the form of inflammation are activated to clean up. What am I?
Necrosis
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Name the 3 types of necrosis?
- Liquefactive - Abscess
- Coagulative - MI
- Caseous – Tuberculosis
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What diversion is inputted into the CNS from the periphery?
Afferent
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Name the two stimuli that feed into the afferent division?
Sensory and Visceral
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What two organs are parts of the central nervous system?
Brain and the spinal cord
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Which division does the output from the CNS go to?
Efferent division
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Which nervous systems does the efferent division supply?
Somatic & Autonomic
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What action does the somatic nervous system control?
The motor neurons that fire the skeletal muscles.
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I am known as the fight or flight response and explain what I am and do?
Sympathetic nervous system –Increases mental alertness, increases metabolism, decreases digestion and urinary. Respiration / airway open to help increase the flow of oxygen. The Heart rate & BP increase pumping the extra oxygen to the areas required. I am located in the spinal cord the thoracic & lumber region. I supply tissues and organs with adrenaline & noradrenaline.
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I am known as the rest & digest nervous system. I am located in the cranial nerves & sacral region of the spinal cord. I release acetylcholine on targets.
What nervous system am I?
Para-sympathetic nervous system – Decrease metabolism, constrict airway, decrease HR and BP. Increase salivary & digestion secretion and gut motility
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I control cardiac, secretory gland and smooth muscle regulation to maintain homeostasis. I am involuntary.
Autonomic Nervous system
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In reference to the SNS, if the action I required was to increase the HR which receptor would need to be activated?
B1
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I am activated by the B1 receptor and I increase renin release where am I located?
Kidney
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The B2 receptor is activated by the SNS. My action is Dilation name where I am in the body?
Arterioles in the heart, lungs & SM and also the bronchi
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Although I am receptor responsible for dilation in the arterioles and bronchi I also have an effect on the uterus, what is that action?
Relaxation
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I‘m the receptor that is activated during the fight or flight response. I increase pupil size, reduce voiding and BF to the GIT. I also constrict the arterioles in the skin, viscera and mucous membranes.
A1
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During male arousal which two receptors are activated and controlled by which nervous system?
- Erection is controlled by the muscarinic receptor & the PNS
- Ejaculation is controlled by the a1 receptor & the SNS
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I am the receptor that is activated by the PNS
Muscarinic
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