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History of Rome

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  1. Apennine Mountains
    • Dominate the Italian Peninsula
    • North West end they meet the Alps
    • separate the Po Valley from Etruria
    • reaches a height of 10,000 feet in some places
  2. Etruria
    • land of the ancient Etruscans
    • northernmost region of ancient italy
    • bounded by the Arno and Tiber rivers
    • was one of the earliest centers of urban life
  3. Latium
    • Middle region of ancient Italy
    • stretches from the Tiber river to the area around Naples
    • Center of the area centered on 7 volcanic hills
    • comprised of fertile hills making it good for agriculture
  4. Campania
    • Southernmost region of Ancient Italy
    • abundance of fertile plains good for agriculture
    • Etruscans and Samnites lived in the region
    • show traces of Villanovan culture
  5. Villanovan Culture
    • bi-mixed economy comprised of iron goods and agriculture
    • trading hub for the north
    • no warrior class only citizen militia
    • remained separated from the Etruscans
  6. Latial Culture
    • Were held together by a common religion
    • generally smaller than their Etruscan counterparts
    • practiced both inhumation and cremation
    • were held together by a common language
  7. Phoenicians
    • Coastal regions of the eastern shore of the Mediterranean were their homeland
    • first traces of their civilization begin around second millenium BC
    • long distance trade by land and sea was important to them
    • would come to be Rome's greatest rival
  8. Magna Graecia
    • means Great Greece
    • Cumae was the first settlement that was founded here
    • also comprised of the eastern, SE, and northern coasts of Sicily
    • developed institutions that led to the formation of city states
  9. Phalanx
    • Dense formation of fighters
    • emphasized formal battles over raids
    • favored large formations over small ones
    • resembled a box in which men were protected on all sides by those around him
  10. Amphorae
    • pottery vessels
    • made in etruscan coastal centers
    • in the late seventh and sixth centuries
    • contained wine and olive oil
  11. Etruscans
    • cities possesed common languages
    • followed similar social and religious organizations
    • shared a sense of cultural identity
    • were never united politically
  12. Luscius Tarquinius Priscus
    • The first Etruscan king of Rome
    • Father of the second Etruscan king of Rome
  13. Quintus Fabius Pictor
    • Roman historian
    • wrote the first History of Rome
    • written from the foundation of Rome to 200
    • written in Greek not Latin
  14. Servius Tullius
    • Created the Roman Census
    • Created Roman Coinage
    • Direct taxation of Roman Citizens
    • And a military stipend
  15. Aeneas
    • The legend gave Romans a past
    • It connected them to a present
    • gave them a sense of destiny
    • gave romans their own mythology
  16. Tarquinius Priscus
    • Began the Etruscan cultural dominance of Rome
    • added 100 men to the Senate
    • First king to establish games for the romans
    • was assasinated by the sons of Marcius
  17. Comitia Curiata
    • Oldest Roman Assembly
    • composed of all men capable of bearing arms
    • was replaced by the comitia centuriata
    • passive institution were called together to listen to the king
  18. Law of the 12 Tables
    • forms the basis for public and private law
    • defines offenses against the community
    • permitting trade organizations
    • stated that excessive displays of wealth were against the law
  19. Rights Of Connubium
    • concerned Roman Family law
    • granted the right to marry other citizens
    • allowed one to enter the roman religious community
    • was held by the Latin Colonies
  20. Rights of Commercium
    • Roman Contract law
    • was held by the latin colonies
    • granted the right to free slaves
    • provided forms to buy, sell, borrow, and rent goods
  21. Ius Migrationis
    • Gave people the right to become citizens of a state by residing there
    • achieved formal expression by the fourth century
    • conferred a sense of privelege
    • was held by the Latins
  22. Military Tribunes
    • appointed by consuls
    • served in groups of 6 typically
    • were men of senatorial status
    • were appointed by the senate
  23. Dictator
    • Appointed during times of national emergency
    • appointment lasted 6 months
    • was bestowed imperium by the consul
    • was appointed by praetor or consul
  24. Decemvirs
    • Commision of 10 men
    • were to hold supreme power for 1 year
    • were to produce a body of laws to regulate the republic
    • resulted in the laws of the twelve tables
  25. Consul
    • established in the republic
    • conferred upon 2 men
    • served a period of 1 year
    • were elected by the Comitia Centuriata
  26. Sabines
    • resided in the Appenine region
    • remembered when the sabine women were stolen from a banquet by Romulus to populate rome
    • fought in the Samnite wars
    • were defeated by Tarquinius Superbus
  27. Struggle of the Orders
    • Political Struggle between the Patricians and Plebians
    • plebians were seeking political equality
    • figured largely in constitution of the Roman republic
    • occured when the patricians were warring with two tribes and the plebians left the city
  28. Patricians and Plebians
    • Patricians were aristocracy
    • Plebians were the common people
    • Plebs were free, land owning citizens
    • patricians were the wealthy elite of Rome
  29. Veii
    • An Etruscan City
    • became a powerful city state
    • was transformed into Roman territory
    • located 10 miles south of Rome
  30. The Gauls
    • Dominated the valley of the Po River
    • originated in Central Europe
    • did not have urban culture
    • culture was focused around aristocratic families
  31. Marcus Furius Camillius
    • Hero of the war against Veii
    • hero of the recovery after the sack of Rome
    • was dictator
    • commanded the roman army that captured Veii
  32. Licinian-Sextian reforms
    • fixed the office of consul as the highest in the city
    • permitted plebians to compete for the office of consul
    • over time established that one of the 2 consuls had to be plebian
    • created a new political elite composed of both patrician and plebian
  33. Praetor
    • supreme judge in the roman judicial system
    • later posessed imperium
    • was inferior to the conuls
    • handled the most serious cases of the empire
  34. Imperium
    • right to command
    • has strong religious associations for romans
    • provided the basis for magistrates to lead armies
    • applies to the civil and military forms of governance
  35. Auspicium
    • held by the roman kings
    • later by Consuls and Praetors
    • translates as the right to determine the will of the gods
    • conveyed a sense of authority upon the holder
  36. Curule Aediles
    • held by 4 persons either pleb or patriarch
    • were responsible for the maintenance of temples and city streets
    • regulated public festivals
    • were also given power to restore public order
  37. Quaestors
    • Financial officers of the Republic
    • lowest magistrates office
    • oversaw funds generals took on campaigns
    • ex-quaestors usually became members of the senate
  38. Lex Hortensia
    • sponsored by Qunitus Hortensius
    • gave plebians the right to enact laws binding on the entire community
    • freed plebians from having to seek senatorial approval
    • resulted from the class struggle between the plebs and patricians
  39. Censors
    • Only office that was not annual lasting 18 months
    • supervised the census
    • In charge of the membership list of the senate
    • enforced the moral code of the Romans
  40. Senate
    • composed of aristocrats
    • held power to ratify resolutions of the popular assembly
    • legislated law
    • Were created to advise the king of Rome
  41. Equites
    • Calvary officers
    • Had rights to vote first in the assembly
    • constituted the lower of the 2 aristocratic classes
    • positions were passed from father to son
  42. Concilium Plebis
    • The Plebian assembly
    • 2 are elected each year
    • responsible for protecting the righs of the plebs
    • pass laws that will benefit the plebian people
  43. ludi Romani
    • The Roman Games
    • were established by Tarquinius Priscus
    • were managed by the Aediles
    • were held in honor of Jupiter
  44. Pontifex Maximus
    • Most powerful religious official in Rome
    • Elected official
    • controlled the religious callendar of the romans
    • In charge of the College of Pontiffs
  45. Augurs
    • Interpret the will of the gods was his Job
    • used birds to achieve this
    • declined by First Century B.C.
    • held by both plebs and patricians
  46. Vestal Virgins
    • Priestess of Vesta
    • took a vow of chastity
    • Maintained the sacred fire of Vesta
    • worshipped the hearth and home
  47. Flamen Dialis
    • high priest of Jupiter
    • composed of 15 priests
    • Created by Numa Pompilius
    • served the three gods of the archaic triad
  48. The samnite Wars
    • first from 333-341
    • second from 327-303
    • 3rd war from 298-290
    • resulted in rome being master of the north and central parts of Italy
  49. The Latin Wars
    • resulted from conflict between rome and the latin league
    • rome won the war
    • the latin areas were colonized
    • Rome dissolved the league
  50. Municipia Sine Suffragio
    • roman citizens without the right to vote
    • held only private citizenship rights
    • were expected to fight in times of war
    • were second in line of the roman commonwealth
  51. Pyrrhus
    • Greek General and King
    • First battle the Romans ever had against the Greeks
    • won a battle but lost 4000 irreplacable troops
    • was defeated at Asculum
  52. novi homines
    • translated as new citizen
    • were given to men who had never held office before
    • allowed more families to better themselves
  53. First Punic War
    • was between 264-241
    • war between Rome and the Carthaginians
    • was fought over the city of Messana
    • beginning of Roman Imperialism in the Mediterranean
  54. Gaius Duilius
    • Defeated the Carthaginian Navy
    • led romes first naval victory
    • fought during the First punic war
    • was elected censor
  55. Second Punic War
    • fought between 218-201
    • fought over Spain in which carthage expands into spain
    • Hannibal invades Sagramentum an ally of spain
    • Rome makes carthage pay a 50 year war indemnity
  56. Hannibal the Great
    • Greek General
    • Son of Hamilcar Barca
    • wanted to destroy the Italian Confederation
    • Hannibal defeated at the Battle of Zama
  57. Treaty of Ebro
    • signed before the second punic war
    • states that rome will stay north of the ebro
    • States that carthage will stay south of the Ebro
    • Ebro is a River in Spain a natural boundary
  58. The battle of the Trebia
    • Battle in which the Romans lost around 40,000 soldiers
    • was led by Hannibal the great
    • first major battle of the second punic war
    • fought in december 218
  59. The battle of Lake Trasimmene
    • Battle in which rome was defeated by carthage
    • battle was fought during the second punic war
    • was fought in june 217
    • one of the largest ambushes in military history
  60. Fabius the Delayer
    • Roman general and statesman
    • appointed dictator after the battle of Lake Trasimene
    • refused to meet hannibal in direct battle
    • instead instituted a scorched earth policy to defeat carthage by attrition
  61. Cannae
    • Greatest military defeat in Roman history
    • Occured in 216
    • completely exhausted the romans
    • capua and other italian city states defected to the Carthaginian side
  62. magna mater
    • Means Great Mother
    • was a cult image
    • brought from asia minor to rome
    • during the second punic war
  63. Publius Scipio
    • General and Statesman
    • served as consul
    • fought the carthaginians during the second punic war
    • was defeated and died in 211
  64. Battle of Zama
    • Marked the end of the Second Punic War
    • Roman army defeated the Carthaginian Army
    • Fought in October 202
    • The roman army was led by Publius scipio the carthaginian army was led by Hannibal
  65. Masinissa
    • First King of Numidia
    • king of ancient north African Tribe
    • fought in the second Punic War
    • was allied with carthage against the Romans
  66. Proconsul
    • Governor of a province in the Roman Republic
    • served annual terms
    • was appointed by the senate
  67. Propraetor
    • acted in the place of praetors
    • knows as prorogations
    • was used for an official with a limited number of tasks to complete
    • the Scipio brothers both served as propraetors
  68. Hispania Citerior
    • a province of Rome located in Spain
    • translates a nearer spain
    • centers on the lower Ebro Valley
    • also centers on the Massiliote Colonies
  69. Hispania Ulterior
    • A province of Rome located in Spain
    • Translates to Further Spain
    • was ruled by a Roman governor
    • consisted of the Valley of the Baetis River
  70. Macedonian Wars
    • resulted in Roman Control over the Eastern Mediterranean
    • Macedon was allied with Hannibal at the end of the Second Punic War
    • wars ended with the sack of Corinth
    • wars took place from 215-146 BCE
  71. Third Punic War
    • Fought between the Phoenician colony of Carthage and the Roman Empire
    • between 149-146 BCE
    • War focused on the Siege of Carthage
    • resulted in the complete destruction of carthage and death/enslavement of all carthaginians
  72. Senatus Consultum
    • advice given by the senate
    • final form of an answer given by the senate to a proposed problem
    • was made legal when a magistrate enforced it
    • or the proposal could be revoked all together
  73. Cursus Honorum
    • sequential order of public offices held by politicians in the Roman Republic
    • comprised a mixture of military and administrative posts
    • each office had a minimum age for election
  74. Quaestones Perpetuae
    • Standing Jury Courts
    • criminal courts of the late republic
  75. slavery in Rome
    • recieved legal protection over time including the right to complain on their masters
    • played important role in roman society and the roman economy
    • performed manual labor in mines and on farms
    • also worked in accounting
  76. Aulus Gabinius
    • a Tribune
    • enacted the first law requiring secret ballots
    • Roman statesman and General
    • prominent figure in the later days of the roman republic
  77. Scipio Aemilianus
    • commanded at the final siege of carthage in 146
    • bullied the senate into putting him up for consular appointment
    • was a leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchus brothers
  78. Cato the elder
    • roman Senator
    • decided what to do with Carthage after their defeat in the third punic war
    • Razed carthage to the ground
    • sowed the land with salt so that the city might never again be rebuilt
  79. Tiberias Gracchus
    • Roman Tribune
    • wanted to restore the licenian Sextion law
    • this law would take give land from people owning over 300 acres to poor farmers
    • Tiberias murdered in the face of stiff opposition
  80. Marcus Octavius
    • a Tribune during the time of Tiberias Gracchus
    • Opposed Tiberias's plan of land reform
    • Tiberias deposed him for this
    • led to serious confrontation between the traditionalists and the reformers
  81. Gaius Gracchus
    • Brother to Tiberias Gracchus
    • Gave land commission in Rome greater judicial authority
    • built roads linking rural farms to urban market centers
    • tried and failed to issue roman citizenship to all Italian allies
  82. Marcus Livius Drusus
    • set up as tribune by the senate in 121
    • was charged with opposing gaius Gracchus land reforms
    • he proposed setting up 3000 colonies filled with lower classes
    • said that latin allies should not be mistreated by Roman generals the opposition to Gracchus proposal that roman citizenship be issued to all italian allies
Author
jphilli832
ID
156741
Card Set
History of Rome
Description
Exam 1 study terms for history of the Roman World
Updated
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