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Apennine Mountains
- Dominate the Italian Peninsula
- North West end they meet the Alps
- separate the Po Valley from Etruria
- reaches a height of 10,000 feet in some places
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Etruria
- land of the ancient Etruscans
- northernmost region of ancient italy
- bounded by the Arno and Tiber rivers
- was one of the earliest centers of urban life
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Latium
- Middle region of ancient Italy
- stretches from the Tiber river to the area around Naples
- Center of the area centered on 7 volcanic hills
- comprised of fertile hills making it good for agriculture
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Campania
- Southernmost region of Ancient Italy
- abundance of fertile plains good for agriculture
- Etruscans and Samnites lived in the region
- show traces of Villanovan culture
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Villanovan Culture
- bi-mixed economy comprised of iron goods and agriculture
- trading hub for the north
- no warrior class only citizen militia
- remained separated from the Etruscans
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Latial Culture
- Were held together by a common religion
- generally smaller than their Etruscan counterparts
- practiced both inhumation and cremation
- were held together by a common language
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Phoenicians
- Coastal regions of the eastern shore of the Mediterranean were their homeland
- first traces of their civilization begin around second millenium BC
- long distance trade by land and sea was important to them
- would come to be Rome's greatest rival
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Magna Graecia
- means Great Greece
- Cumae was the first settlement that was founded here
- also comprised of the eastern, SE, and northern coasts of Sicily
- developed institutions that led to the formation of city states
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Phalanx
- Dense formation of fighters
- emphasized formal battles over raids
- favored large formations over small ones
- resembled a box in which men were protected on all sides by those around him
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Amphorae
- pottery vessels
- made in etruscan coastal centers
- in the late seventh and sixth centuries
- contained wine and olive oil
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Etruscans
- cities possesed common languages
- followed similar social and religious organizations
- shared a sense of cultural identity
- were never united politically
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Luscius Tarquinius Priscus
- The first Etruscan king of Rome
- Father of the second Etruscan king of Rome
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Quintus Fabius Pictor
- Roman historian
- wrote the first History of Rome
- written from the foundation of Rome to 200
- written in Greek not Latin
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Servius Tullius
- Created the Roman Census
- Created Roman Coinage
- Direct taxation of Roman Citizens
- And a military stipend
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Aeneas
- The legend gave Romans a past
- It connected them to a present
- gave them a sense of destiny
- gave romans their own mythology
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Tarquinius Priscus
- Began the Etruscan cultural dominance of Rome
- added 100 men to the Senate
- First king to establish games for the romans
- was assasinated by the sons of Marcius
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Comitia Curiata
- Oldest Roman Assembly
- composed of all men capable of bearing arms
- was replaced by the comitia centuriata
- passive institution were called together to listen to the king
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Law of the 12 Tables
- forms the basis for public and private law
- defines offenses against the community
- permitting trade organizations
- stated that excessive displays of wealth were against the law
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Rights Of Connubium
- concerned Roman Family law
- granted the right to marry other citizens
- allowed one to enter the roman religious community
- was held by the Latin Colonies
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Rights of Commercium
- Roman Contract law
- was held by the latin colonies
- granted the right to free slaves
- provided forms to buy, sell, borrow, and rent goods
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Ius Migrationis
- Gave people the right to become citizens of a state by residing there
- achieved formal expression by the fourth century
- conferred a sense of privelege
- was held by the Latins
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Military Tribunes
- appointed by consuls
- served in groups of 6 typically
- were men of senatorial status
- were appointed by the senate
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Dictator
- Appointed during times of national emergency
- appointment lasted 6 months
- was bestowed imperium by the consul
- was appointed by praetor or consul
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Decemvirs
- Commision of 10 men
- were to hold supreme power for 1 year
- were to produce a body of laws to regulate the republic
- resulted in the laws of the twelve tables
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Consul
- established in the republic
- conferred upon 2 men
- served a period of 1 year
- were elected by the Comitia Centuriata
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Sabines
- resided in the Appenine region
- remembered when the sabine women were stolen from a banquet by Romulus to populate rome
- fought in the Samnite wars
- were defeated by Tarquinius Superbus
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Struggle of the Orders
- Political Struggle between the Patricians and Plebians
- plebians were seeking political equality
- figured largely in constitution of the Roman republic
- occured when the patricians were warring with two tribes and the plebians left the city
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Patricians and Plebians
- Patricians were aristocracy
- Plebians were the common people
- Plebs were free, land owning citizens
- patricians were the wealthy elite of Rome
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Veii
- An Etruscan City
- became a powerful city state
- was transformed into Roman territory
- located 10 miles south of Rome
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The Gauls
- Dominated the valley of the Po River
- originated in Central Europe
- did not have urban culture
- culture was focused around aristocratic families
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Marcus Furius Camillius
- Hero of the war against Veii
- hero of the recovery after the sack of Rome
- was dictator
- commanded the roman army that captured Veii
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Licinian-Sextian reforms
- fixed the office of consul as the highest in the city
- permitted plebians to compete for the office of consul
- over time established that one of the 2 consuls had to be plebian
- created a new political elite composed of both patrician and plebian
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Praetor
- supreme judge in the roman judicial system
- later posessed imperium
- was inferior to the conuls
- handled the most serious cases of the empire
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Imperium
- right to command
- has strong religious associations for romans
- provided the basis for magistrates to lead armies
- applies to the civil and military forms of governance
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Auspicium
- held by the roman kings
- later by Consuls and Praetors
- translates as the right to determine the will of the gods
- conveyed a sense of authority upon the holder
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Curule Aediles
- held by 4 persons either pleb or patriarch
- were responsible for the maintenance of temples and city streets
- regulated public festivals
- were also given power to restore public order
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Quaestors
- Financial officers of the Republic
- lowest magistrates office
- oversaw funds generals took on campaigns
- ex-quaestors usually became members of the senate
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Lex Hortensia
- sponsored by Qunitus Hortensius
- gave plebians the right to enact laws binding on the entire community
- freed plebians from having to seek senatorial approval
- resulted from the class struggle between the plebs and patricians
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Censors
- Only office that was not annual lasting 18 months
- supervised the census
- In charge of the membership list of the senate
- enforced the moral code of the Romans
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Senate
- composed of aristocrats
- held power to ratify resolutions of the popular assembly
- legislated law
- Were created to advise the king of Rome
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Equites
- Calvary officers
- Had rights to vote first in the assembly
- constituted the lower of the 2 aristocratic classes
- positions were passed from father to son
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Concilium Plebis
- The Plebian assembly
- 2 are elected each year
- responsible for protecting the righs of the plebs
- pass laws that will benefit the plebian people
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ludi Romani
- The Roman Games
- were established by Tarquinius Priscus
- were managed by the Aediles
- were held in honor of Jupiter
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Pontifex Maximus
- Most powerful religious official in Rome
- Elected official
- controlled the religious callendar of the romans
- In charge of the College of Pontiffs
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Augurs
- Interpret the will of the gods was his Job
- used birds to achieve this
- declined by First Century B.C.
- held by both plebs and patricians
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Vestal Virgins
- Priestess of Vesta
- took a vow of chastity
- Maintained the sacred fire of Vesta
- worshipped the hearth and home
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Flamen Dialis
- high priest of Jupiter
- composed of 15 priests
- Created by Numa Pompilius
- served the three gods of the archaic triad
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The samnite Wars
- first from 333-341
- second from 327-303
- 3rd war from 298-290
- resulted in rome being master of the north and central parts of Italy
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The Latin Wars
- resulted from conflict between rome and the latin league
- rome won the war
- the latin areas were colonized
- Rome dissolved the league
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Municipia Sine Suffragio
- roman citizens without the right to vote
- held only private citizenship rights
- were expected to fight in times of war
- were second in line of the roman commonwealth
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Pyrrhus
- Greek General and King
- First battle the Romans ever had against the Greeks
- won a battle but lost 4000 irreplacable troops
- was defeated at Asculum
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novi homines
- translated as new citizen
- were given to men who had never held office before
- allowed more families to better themselves
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First Punic War
- was between 264-241
- war between Rome and the Carthaginians
- was fought over the city of Messana
- beginning of Roman Imperialism in the Mediterranean
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Gaius Duilius
- Defeated the Carthaginian Navy
- led romes first naval victory
- fought during the First punic war
- was elected censor
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Second Punic War
- fought between 218-201
- fought over Spain in which carthage expands into spain
- Hannibal invades Sagramentum an ally of spain
- Rome makes carthage pay a 50 year war indemnity
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Hannibal the Great
- Greek General
- Son of Hamilcar Barca
- wanted to destroy the Italian Confederation
- Hannibal defeated at the Battle of Zama
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Treaty of Ebro
- signed before the second punic war
- states that rome will stay north of the ebro
- States that carthage will stay south of the Ebro
- Ebro is a River in Spain a natural boundary
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The battle of the Trebia
- Battle in which the Romans lost around 40,000 soldiers
- was led by Hannibal the great
- first major battle of the second punic war
- fought in december 218
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The battle of Lake Trasimmene
- Battle in which rome was defeated by carthage
- battle was fought during the second punic war
- was fought in june 217
- one of the largest ambushes in military history
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Fabius the Delayer
- Roman general and statesman
- appointed dictator after the battle of Lake Trasimene
- refused to meet hannibal in direct battle
- instead instituted a scorched earth policy to defeat carthage by attrition
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Cannae
- Greatest military defeat in Roman history
- Occured in 216
- completely exhausted the romans
- capua and other italian city states defected to the Carthaginian side
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magna mater
- Means Great Mother
- was a cult image
- brought from asia minor to rome
- during the second punic war
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Publius Scipio
- General and Statesman
- served as consul
- fought the carthaginians during the second punic war
- was defeated and died in 211
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Battle of Zama
- Marked the end of the Second Punic War
- Roman army defeated the Carthaginian Army
- Fought in October 202
- The roman army was led by Publius scipio the carthaginian army was led by Hannibal
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Masinissa
- First King of Numidia
- king of ancient north African Tribe
- fought in the second Punic War
- was allied with carthage against the Romans
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Proconsul
- Governor of a province in the Roman Republic
- served annual terms
- was appointed by the senate
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Propraetor
- acted in the place of praetors
- knows as prorogations
- was used for an official with a limited number of tasks to complete
- the Scipio brothers both served as propraetors
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Hispania Citerior
- a province of Rome located in Spain
- translates a nearer spain
- centers on the lower Ebro Valley
- also centers on the Massiliote Colonies
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Hispania Ulterior
- A province of Rome located in Spain
- Translates to Further Spain
- was ruled by a Roman governor
- consisted of the Valley of the Baetis River
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Macedonian Wars
- resulted in Roman Control over the Eastern Mediterranean
- Macedon was allied with Hannibal at the end of the Second Punic War
- wars ended with the sack of Corinth
- wars took place from 215-146 BCE
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Third Punic War
- Fought between the Phoenician colony of Carthage and the Roman Empire
- between 149-146 BCE
- War focused on the Siege of Carthage
- resulted in the complete destruction of carthage and death/enslavement of all carthaginians
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Senatus Consultum
- advice given by the senate
- final form of an answer given by the senate to a proposed problem
- was made legal when a magistrate enforced it
- or the proposal could be revoked all together
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Cursus Honorum
- sequential order of public offices held by politicians in the Roman Republic
- comprised a mixture of military and administrative posts
- each office had a minimum age for election
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Quaestones Perpetuae
- Standing Jury Courts
- criminal courts of the late republic
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slavery in Rome
- recieved legal protection over time including the right to complain on their masters
- played important role in roman society and the roman economy
- performed manual labor in mines and on farms
- also worked in accounting
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Aulus Gabinius
- a Tribune
- enacted the first law requiring secret ballots
- Roman statesman and General
- prominent figure in the later days of the roman republic
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Scipio Aemilianus
- commanded at the final siege of carthage in 146
- bullied the senate into putting him up for consular appointment
- was a leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchus brothers
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Cato the elder
- roman Senator
- decided what to do with Carthage after their defeat in the third punic war
- Razed carthage to the ground
- sowed the land with salt so that the city might never again be rebuilt
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Tiberias Gracchus
- Roman Tribune
- wanted to restore the licenian Sextion law
- this law would take give land from people owning over 300 acres to poor farmers
- Tiberias murdered in the face of stiff opposition
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Marcus Octavius
- a Tribune during the time of Tiberias Gracchus
- Opposed Tiberias's plan of land reform
- Tiberias deposed him for this
- led to serious confrontation between the traditionalists and the reformers
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Gaius Gracchus
- Brother to Tiberias Gracchus
- Gave land commission in Rome greater judicial authority
- built roads linking rural farms to urban market centers
- tried and failed to issue roman citizenship to all Italian allies
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Marcus Livius Drusus
- set up as tribune by the senate in 121
- was charged with opposing gaius Gracchus land reforms
- he proposed setting up 3000 colonies filled with lower classes
- said that latin allies should not be mistreated by Roman generals the opposition to Gracchus proposal that roman citizenship be issued to all italian allies
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